Table 1.
Demographic Variables of the Included Diagnostic Groups
| Schizophrenia | First-degree relatives | Controls | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | (n = 116) | (n = 62) | (n = 146) | P values (F2,321) | Post hoc |
| Age (y) | 44.0 ± 13.2 | 59.4 ± 14.5 | 37.0 ± 15.2 | 1.40 × 10 –20 (52.9) | FR > SCZ > HC |
| Gender (male/female) | 44/72 | 24/38 | 96/50 | 5.31 × 10 –6 (24.3) a | – |
| Education (y) | 12.6 ± 2.1 | 12.8 ± 2.2 | 16.0 ± 2.4 | 1.76 × 10 –30 (85.5) | HC > FR, SCZ |
| Estimated premorbid IQ | 98.7 ± 10.6 | 99.3 ± 9.2 | 108.9 ± 7.6 | 3.71 × 10 –17 (43.1) | HC > FR, SCZ |
| CPZ-eq. (mg/d) | 550.4 ± 519.0 | – | – | – | – |
| Biperiden-eq. (mg/d) | 1.0 ± 2.7 | – | – | – | – |
| Age at onset (y) | 27.5 ± 10.6 | – | – | – | – |
| Duration of illness (y) | 16.4 ± 11.8 | – | – | – | – |
| PANSS positive symptoms | 16.3 ± 6.4 | – | – | – | – |
| PANSS negative symptoms | 17.5 ± 6.7 | – | – | – | – |
| CAb | 2.7 ± 2.0 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 4.4 ± 2.0 | 3.36 × 10 –13 (31.5) | HC > FR, SCZ |
| TEb | 24.3 ± 9.9 | 23.8 ± 10.4 | 16.0 ± 9.1 | 4.02 × 10 –12 (28.5) | SCZ, FR > HC |
| %PENb | 31.6 ± 18.9 | 30.4 ± 20.9 | 13.9 ± 16.0 | 4.85 × 10 –15 (36.6) | SCZ, FR > HC |
Abbreviations: Biperiden-eq., Biperiden equivalent; CA, category achieved; CPZ-eq., chlorpromazine equivalents of total antipsychotics; FR, first-degree relatives; HC, controls; IQ, intelligence quotient; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; %PEN, percentage of perseverative errors of Nelson types; SCZ, schizophrenia; TE, total errors.
Means ± SD are shown. Complete demographic information was not obtained for all participants (estimated premorbid IQ in HC, n = 122; in FR, n = 61). P < .017 (α = 0.05/3) are shown in boldface and post hoc analysis was performed.
a χ 2 test.
bRaw scores of executive functions were indicated.