Table 3.
Correlations Between Executive Functions and Clinical Variables in the 3 Diagnostic Groups
| Schizophrenia | First-degree relatives | Controls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA | TE | %PEN | CA | TE | %PEN | CA | TE | %PEN | |
| Age (y) | −0.23b | 0.27 b | 0.13 | −0.23 | 0.26a | 0.29a | −0.42b | 0.52 b | 0.46 b |
| Education (y) | 0.32 b | −0.29 b | −0.14 | 0.05 | −0.13 | −0.16 | 0.24 b | −0.30 b | −0.30 b |
| Estimated premorbid IQ | 0.44 b | −0.42b | −0.38b | 0.17 | −0.25a | −0.20 | −0.05 | −0.01 | 0.03 |
| CPZ-eq. (mg/d) | −0.25b | 0.23 b | 0.15 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Biperiden-eq. (mg/d) | −0.15 | 0.13 | 0.06 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Age at onset (y) | < 0.01 | −0.02 | < 0.01 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Duration of illness (y) | −0.27b | 0.32 b | 0.14 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| PANSS positive symptoms | 0.02 | −0.07 | −0.12 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| PANSS negative symptoms | −0.17 | 0.22a | 0.18a | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Abbreviations: Biperiden-eq., Biperiden equivalent; CA, category achieved; CPZ-eq., chlorpromazine equivalents of total antipsychotics; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PEN, percentage of perseverative errors of Nelson types; TE, total errors.
Pearson’s correlation coefficient is represented. P < .017 are shown in boldface.
a P < .05.
b P < .017.