Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population at baseline
| Characteristic | n | |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 1298 | 66.0 (9.8) |
| Female sex, % | 1289 | 41.6 |
| Ethnicity, Caucasian, % | 1288 | 92.9 |
| Marital status (married or cohabitating), % | 1291 | 76.5 |
| Educational level (low/intermediate/high), % | 1281 | 34.4/44.9/20.7 |
| Employment status (having a job), % | 1254 | 28.8 |
| Smoking, % | 1272 | 12.4 |
| Alcohol use (yes), % | 1266 | 47.3 |
| PAM score, mean (SD) | 1188 | 58.9 (11.7) |
| EQ-5D score, median (IQR) | 1208 | 0.84 (0.78–1.00) |
| ADDQoL score, median (IQR) | 1246 | −0.36 (−1.19 to −0.06) |
| BIPQ, mean (SD) | ||
| Consequence | 1259 | 4.1 (2.7) |
| Timeline | 1229 | 8.5 (2.4) |
| Personal control | 1258 | 6.8 (2.2) |
| Treatment control | 1245 | 7.5 (2.2) |
| Identity | 1259 | 3.5 (2.7) |
| Illness concern | 1261 | 4.7 (3.0) |
| Coherence | 1248 | 7.0 (2.2) |
| Emotional representation | 1257 | 3.1 (2.9) |
| PAID score, median (IQR) | 1261 | 3 (1–7) |
| SDSCA, mean (SD) | ||
| General diet | 1199 | 4.7 (1.9) |
| Physical exercise | 1217 | 4.0 (2.0) |
| Blood glucose testing | 1154 | 1.4 (2.3) |
| Foot care | 1202 | 1.6 (2.1) |
| Treatment setting (PC/SC), % | 1299 | 87.9/12.1 |
| Diabetes duration, median (IQR), years | 1208 | 10 (5–16) |
| Number of comorbidities, median (IQR) | 1267 | 1 (1–3) |
| HbA1c, median (IQR), % | 1231 | 6.8 (6.4–7.5) |
| LDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 1203 | 92.8 (30.9) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 1228 | 136.7 (15.6) |
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 1224 | 29.3 (26.4–33.1) |
| Blood glucose-lowering medication, % | 1221 | |
| No medication | 19.2 | |
| Oral medication only | 56.1 | |
| Insulin monotherapy or insulin and oral medication | 24.7 | |
| Lipid-lowering medication, % | 1219 | 78.8 |
| Blood pressure-lowering medication, % | 1220 | 77.5 |
ADDQoL, Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life; BIPQ, Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; EQ-5D, EuroQol-5 Dimension; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PAID, Problem Areas In Diabetes scale; PAM, Patient Activation Measure; PC, primary care; SC, secondary care; SDSCA, Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities measure.