Table 3.
Delivery methods and outcomes by infant gender
| Characteristic | Overall | Infant Gender | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | |||
| Infants1 | 297,509 | 154,790 | 142,719 | |
| Birth attendant, N (%)2 | 297,462 | 154,766 | 142,696 | < .0001 |
| Physician | 149,596 (50.3) | 78,835 (50.9) | 70,761 (49.6) | |
| Nurse/nurse midwife/LHW/HW | 94,051 (31.6) | 48,567 (31.4) | 45,484 (31.9) | |
| TBA | 43,296 (14.6) | 22,066 (14.3) | 21,230 (14.9) | |
| Family/self/other | 10,519 (3.5) | 5298 (3.4) | 5221 (3.7) | |
| Delivery location, N (%)2 | 297,439 | 154,754 | 142,685 | < .0001 |
| Hospital | 170,209 (57.2) | 89,606 (57.9) | 80,603 (56.5) | |
| Clinic/health center | 82,577 (27.8) | 42,592 (27.5) | 39,985 (28.0) | |
| Home/other | 44,653 (15.0) | 22,556 (14.6) | 22,097 (15.5) | |
| Delivery mode, N (%)2 | 297,503 | 154,788 | 142,715 | < .0001 |
| Vaginal | 240,721 (80.9) | 124,493 (80.4) | 116,228 (81.4) | |
| Vaginal, assisted | 4460 (1.5) | 2389 (1.5) | 2071 (1.5) | |
| C-section | 52,322 (17.6) | 27,906 (18.0) | 24,416 (17.1) | |
| Bag and mask resuscitation, N (%)2 | 295,508 | 153,749 | 141,759 | < .0001 |
| Yes | 18,177 (6.2) | 10,353 (6.7) | 7824 (5.5) | |
| No | 277,331 (93.8) | 143,396 (93.3) | 133,935 (94.5) | |
| Birth weight (measured and estimated), N (%)2 | 297,022 | 154,514 | 142,508 | < .0001 |
| < 1000 g | 1844 (0.6) | 976 (0.6) | 868 (0.6) | |
| 1000–1499 g | 4143 (1.4) | 2172 (1.4) | 1971 (1.4) | |
| 1500–2499 g | 49,117 (16.5) | 23,619 (15.3) | 25,498 (17.9) | |
| ≥ 2500 g | 241,918 (81.4) | 127,747 (82.7) | 114,171 (80.1) | |
| Birth weight (measured), N (%)2 | 292,082 (98.2) | 151,798 (98.1) | 140,284 (98.3) | < .0001 |
| Mean (std) | 2,749.6 (477.5) | 2,779.8 (486.2) | 2,716.9 (465.7) | |
| Median (25p-75p) | 2,750.0 (2,500.0, 3,000.0) | 2,800.0 (2,500.0, 3,000.0) | 2,700.0 (2,500.0, 3,000.0) | |
| Gestational age, N (%)2 | 289,018 | 150,474 | 138,544 | 0.3232 |
| Preterm | 39,302 (13.6) | 20,547 (13.7) | 18,755 (13.5) | |
| Term | 249,716 (86.4) | 129,927 (86.3) | 119,789 (86.5) | |
| Gestational age at delivery, N (%)2 | 280,287 (94.2) | 145,633 (94.1) | 134,654 (94.3) | < .0001 |
| Mean (std) | 38.4 (3.4) | 38.3 (3.4) | 38.5 (3.4) | |
| Median (25p-75p) | 39.0 (37.0, 40.0) | 39.0 (37.0, 40.0) | 39.0 (37.0, 40.0) | |
1All MNH Registry 2010–2018 infants born in 08 Belagavi, 11 Nagpur, and 09 Pakistan with exclusions miscarriage, MTP, and maternal deaths prior to delivery
2Categorical variable p-values are computed with a cluster-stratified CMH test, while continuous variable p-values are computed with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test