Table 3.
Multivariable analysis showing association of sociodemographic, morbidity and dietary characteristics with obesity among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending an urban Primary Health Centre in Puducherry, 2018 (n=151)
| Characteristics | Total | Diabesity, n (%)† | 95% CI |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted PR | Adjusted PR* | |||
| Total participants | 151 | 101 (67) | - | - |
| Age (years) | ||||
| ≤50 | 40 | 35 (88) | 1.56 (1.21-2.02) | 1.4 (1.07-1.83)‡ |
| 51-60 | 52 | 33 (63) | 1.13 (0.83-1.54) | 1.07 (0.8-1.44) |
| >60 | 59 | 33 (56) | Reference | Reference |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 51 | 34 (67) | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 100 | 67 (67) | 1 (0.79-1.27) | 0.91 (0.73-1.15) |
| Occupation category | ||||
| Sedentary | 116 | 80 (69) | 1.15 (0.85-1.55) | - |
| Moderate and heavy | 35 | 21 (60) | Reference | - |
| Socioeconomic status§ | ||||
| Upper middle and upper | 14 | 10 (71) | 1.33 (0.83-2.15) | - |
| Middle | 28 | 15 (54) | Reference | - |
| Lower and lower middle | 109 | 76 (70) | 1.3 (0.9-1.88) | - |
| Family history of DM | ||||
| Yes | 80 | 58 (73) | 1.2 (0.95 -1.51) | - |
| No | 71 | 43 (61) | Reference | - |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 107 | 72 (67) | 1.02 (0.8-1.31) | - |
| No | 44 | 29 (66) | Reference | - |
| Hypercholesterolemia | ||||
| Yes | 54 | 36 (67) | 0.99 (0.79-1.26) | - |
| No | 97 | 65 (67) | Reference | - |
| History of CAD | ||||
| Yes | 10 | 6 (60) | 0.89 (0.53-1.5) | - |
| No | 141 | 95 (67) | Reference | - |
| History of retinopathy | ||||
| Yes | 3 | 2 (67) | 1 (0.44-2.24) | - |
| No | 148 | 99 (67) | Reference | - |
| Diabetic foot | ||||
| Yes | 3 | 2 (67) | 1 (0.44-2.24) | - |
| No | 148 | 99 (67) | Reference | - |
| Fasting blood sugar | ||||
| Controlled | 52 | 29 (56) | Reference | Reference |
| Uncontrolled | 99 | 72 (73) | 1.3 (1-1.71) | 1.28 (1.01-1.64)‡ |
| Post prandial blood sugar | ||||
| Controlled | 54 | 35 (65) | 0.95 (0.75-1.21) | - |
| Uncontrolled | 97 | 66 (68) | Reference | - |
| Daily calorie intake‖ | ||||
| Deficit | 69 | 57 (83) | 1.57 (1.15-2.15) | 1.66 (1.25-2.22)‡ |
| Excess | 42 | 21 (53) | 1.04 (0.7-1.56) | 1.28 (0.88-1.88) |
| Normal | 40 | 23 (55) | Reference | Reference |
| Daily protein intake‖ | ||||
| Excess | 131 | 90 (69) | 1.25 (0.83-1.89) | - |
| Normal | 20 | 11 (55) | Reference | - |
| Daily fat intake‖ | ||||
| Excess | 72 | 55 (76) | 1.31 (1.05-1.65) | 1.26 (1.02-1.57)‡ |
| Normal | 79 | 46 (58) | Reference | Reference |
| Daily fruit intake‖ | ||||
| Yes | 40 | 20 (50) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 111 | 81 (73) | 1.46 (1.05-2.03) | 1.45 (1.07-1.97)‡ |
*Based on log binomial model-included variables age, gender, fasting blood sugar, calorie intake, fat intake and fruit intake which had P<0.1 in univariate analysis, †Row percentage, ‡P<0.05, §Modified BG Prasad’s scale 2018, ‖24-h dietary recall method. PR: Prevalence ratio, CI: Confidence interval, DM: Diabetes mellitus, CAD: Coronary artery disease