Table 1.
Characteristics of COVID-19 patients according to the severity of disease.
| Characteristics | Total N = 37 | Mild/moderate n = 22 | Severe/critical n = 15 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 64 (55–71) | 62 (52–67) | 67 (60–72) | 0.1 |
| Male, n (%) | 19 (51) | 14 (64) | 5 (33) | 0.07 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 5 (14) | 1 (5) | 4 (27) | 0.05 |
| Primary cause of ESKD, n (%) | <0.01 | |||
| Diabetic kidney disease | 12 (32) | 6 (27) | 6 (40) | |
| Vascular nephropathy | 7 (19) | 1 (5) | 6 (40) | |
| Glomerular nephropathy | 4 (11) | 4 (18) | 0 (0) | |
| Polycystic kidney disease | 5 (14) | 2 (9) | 3 (20) | |
| Tubulointerstitial nephropathies | 6 (16) | 6 (27) | 0 (0) | |
| NA | 3 (8) | 3 (14) | 0 (0) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Coexisting disorder, n (%) | ||||
| Arterial hypertension | 30 (81) | 17 (77) | 13 (87) | 0.4 |
| Coronary heart disease | 19 (51) | 7 (32) | 12 (80) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 13 (35) | 7 (32) | 6 (40) | 0.6 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 3 (8) | 0 (0) | 3 (20) | 0.02 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 10 (27) | 4 (18) | 6 (40) | 0.1 |
| Cancer | 2 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (7) | 0.7 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 11 (30) | 5 (23) | 6 (40) | 0.2 |
| Viral status | 0.1 | |||
| Hepatitis B virus | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | |
| Hepatitis C virus | 4 (11) | 1 (5) | 3 (20) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 7 (4–8) | 5 (3–7) | 8 (7–10) | <0.01 |
| Previous medication, n (%) | ||||
| ACEI/ARB | 3 (8) | 0 (0) | 3 (20) | 0.02 |
| Immunosuppressant | 4 (11) | 4 (18) | 0 (0) | 0.08 |
| Hemodialysis data | ||||
| Hemodialysis vintage, months | 38 (10–63) | 23 (8–70) | 45 (34–61) | 0.2 |
| Hemodialysis access, n (%) | 0.4 | |||
| Arteriovenous fistula | 20 (54) | 13 (59) | 7 (47) | |
| Central venous catheter | 17 (46) | 9 (41) | 8 (53) | |
| Clinical presentation and laboratory findings | ||||
| Symptoms, n (%) | ||||
| Fever | 16 (43) | 7 (32) | 9 (60) | 0.08 |
| Cough | 13 (35) | 4 (18) | 9 (60) | <0.01 |
| Fatigue | 19 (51) | 8 (36) | 11 (73) | 0.02 |
| Diarrhea | 3 (8) | 1 (5) | 2 (13) | 0.3 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 3 (8) | 2 (9) | 1 (7) | 0.7 |
| Dyspnea | 14 (38) | 2 (9) | 12 (80) | <0.001 |
| Sore throat | 8 (22) | 4 (18) | 4 (27) | 0.5 |
| Basal oxygen saturation, % | 95 (89–96) | 96 (95–97) | 88 (80–90) | <0.001 |
| Admission chest X-ray, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Bilateral ground glass opacity | 12 (32) | 0 (0) | 12 (80) | |
| Unilateral opacity | 5 (14) | 2 (9) | 3 (20) | |
| Normal X-ray | 20 (54) | 20 (91) | 0 (0) | |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 11.0 (9.9–11.9) | 11.8 (10.4–12.2) | 9.6 (7.5–11.0) | <0.001 |
| Platelet, 109/L | 221 (158–301) | 234 (179–308) | 208 (137–301) | 0.1 |
| White blood cells, 109/L | 7.5 (5.3–9.9) | 7.5 (5.3–8.9) | 8.0 (5.0–14.2) | 0.3 |
| Lymphocytes, 109/L | 1.5 (1.2–2.1) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | 0.5 |
| Neutrophils, 109/L | 4.9 (3.2–7.2) | 4.8 (2.9–6.4) | 5.4 (3.3–12.0) | 0.1 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 96 (23–192) | 54 (5–164) | 135 (41–198) | 0.1 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 3.5 (3.0–3.9) | 3.6 (3.2–4.3) | 3.3 (2.8–3.7) | 0.06 |
| LDH, U/L | 295 (227–424) | 274 (204–332) | 317 (251–473) | 0.1 |
| GOT, U/L | 25 (18–37) | 22 (13–37) | 26 (19–37) | 0.3 |
| GPT, U/L | 15 (12–30) | 15 (12–27) | 16 (10–32) | 0.8 |
| GGT, U/L | 43 (19–66) | 34 (20–57) | 51 (19–69) | 0.4 |
| Complications, n (%) | <0.01 | |||
| Cardiac injury | 3 (8) | 0 (0) | 3 (20) | |
| Liver dysfunction | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | |
| Cerebrovascular event | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 4 (11) | 0 (0) | 4 (27) | |
| Treatment and outcome | ||||
| Drugs, n (%) | ||||
| Lopinavir–ritonavir | 8 (22) | 3 (14) | 5 (33) | 0.1 |
| Tocilizumab | 4 (11) | 0 (0) | 4 (27) | 0.01 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 22 (60) | 9 (41) | 13 (87) | <0.01 |
| Glucocorticoids | 9 (24) | 1 (5) | 8 (53) | 0.001 |
| Anticoagulation | 20 (54) | 7 (32) | 13 (87) | 0.001 |
| Antibiotics | 18 (49) | 7 (32) | 11 (73) | 0.01 |
| CRRT, n (%) | 5 (14) | 0 (0) | 5 (33) | <0.01 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | ||||
| Noninvasive | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) | 0.07 |
| Invasive | 5 (14) | 0 (0) | 5 (33) | <0.01 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 7 (19) | 1 (5) | 6 (40) | <0.01 |
ACEI/ARB: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy; ESKD: end-stage kidney disease; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; GOT: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT: glutamic pyruvic transaminase; NA: not assessed.