Table 2.
Characteristics of COVID-19 patients according to survival.
| Characteristics | Survivors | Non-survivors | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 30 | n = 7 | ||
| Age, years | 63 (55–68) | 69 (55–72) | 0.4 |
| Male, n (%) | 16 (53) | 3 (43) | 0.6 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 3 (10) | 2 (29) | 0.1 |
| Primary cause of ESKD, n (%) | 0.2 | ||
| Diabetic kidney disease | 10 (34) | 2 (29) | |
| Vascular nephropathy | 4 (13) | 3 (42) | |
| Glomerular nephropathy | 4 (13) | 0 (0) | |
| Polycystic kidney disease | 3 (10) | 2 (29) | |
| Tubulointerstitial disease | 6 (20) | 0 (0) | |
| NA | 3 (10) | 0 (0) | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Coexisting disorder, n (%) | |||
| Arterial hypertension | 25 (83) | 5 (71) | 0.4 |
| Coronary heart disease | 13 (43) | 6 (86) | 0.04 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 11 (37) | 2 (29) | 0.6 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1 (3) | 2 (29) | 0.02 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 6 (20) | 4 (57) | 0.04 |
| Cancer | 1 (3) | 1 (14) | 0.2 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 8 (27) | 3 (43) | 0.3 |
| Viral status | 0.02 | ||
| Hepatitis B virus | 0 (0) | 1 (14) | |
| Hepatitis C virus | 2 (7) | 2 (29) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 7 (4–8) | 9 (6–9) | 0.1 |
| Previous medication, n (%) | |||
| ACEI/ARB | 2 (7) | 1 (14) | 0.5 |
| Immunosuppressant | 4 (13) | 0 (0) | 0.3 |
| Hemodialysis data | |||
| Hemodialysis vintage, months | 35 (8–70) | 43 (22–58) | 0.8 |
| Hemodialysis access, n (%) | 0.1 | ||
| Arteriovenous fistula | 18 (60) | 2 (29) | |
| Central venous catheter | 12 (40) | 5 (71) | |
| Clinical presentation and laboratory findings | |||
| Symptoms, n (%) | |||
| Fever | 12 (40) | 4 (57) | 0.4 |
| Cough | 9 (30) | 4 (57) | 0.1 |
| Fatigue | 14 (47) | 5 (71) | 0.2 |
| Diarrhea | 2 (7) | 1 (14) | 0.5 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 3 (10) | 0 (0) | 0.3 |
| Dyspnea | 8 (27) | 6 (86) | <0.01 |
| Sore throat | 6 (20) | 2 (29) | 0.6 |
| Basal oxygen saturation, % | 95 (90–97) | 88 (80–90) | <0.01 |
| Admission chest X-ray, n (%) | <0.01 | ||
| Bilateral ground glass opacity | 7 (23) | 5 (71) | |
| Unilateral opacity | 3 (10) | 2 (29) | |
| Normal X-ray | 20 (67) | 0 (0) | |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 11.4 (10.3–11.9) | 8.7 (7.4–11) | 0.04 |
| Platelet, 109/L | 223 (179–282) | 216 (101–365) | 0.8 |
| White blood cells, 109/L | 7.3 (5.3–8.5) | 13.8 (5.0–15.6) | 0.07 |
| Lymphocytes, 109/L | 1.7 (1.2–2.2) | 1.1 (0.9–2.0) | 0.1 |
| Neutrophils, 109/L | 4.8 (3.2–7.1) | 9.8 (3.3–14.1) | 0.06 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 67 (7–198) | 135 (96–192) | 0.3 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 3.7 (3.3–4.0) | 2.8 (2.4–3.0) | 0.001 |
| LDH, U/L | 291 (250–332) | 424 (202–500) | 0.6 |
| GOT, U/L | 24 (17–35) | 36 (19–44) | 0.2 |
| GPT, U/L | 16 (12–27) | 13 (8–34) | 0.5 |
| GGT, U/L | 43 (20–61) | 51 (15–69) | 0.9 |
| Complications, n (%) | <0.01 | ||
| Cardiac injury | 0 (0) | 3 (43) | |
| Liver dysfunction | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| Cerebrovascular event | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| ARDS | 3 (10) | 1 (14) | |
| Treatment | |||
| Drugs, n (%) | |||
| Lopinavir–ritonavir | 3 (10) | 5 (71) | <0.01 |
| Tocilizumab | 1 (3) | 3 (43) | <0.01 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 17 (57) | 5 (71) | 0.4 |
| Glucocorticoids | 3 (10) | 6 (86) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulation | 13 (43) | 7 (100) | <0.01 |
| Antibiotics | 13 (43) | 5 (71) | 0.1 |
| CRRT, n (%) | 1 (3) | 4 (57) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | |||
| Noninvasive | 1 (3) | 1 (14) | 0.2 |
| Invasive | 1 (3) | 4 (57) | <0.001 |
ACEI/ARB: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy; ESKD: end-stage kidney disease; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; GOT: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT: glutamic pyruvic transaminase; NA: not assessed.