Table 2.
Classification of electrochemical biosensors studied in this review: SWV: square wave voltammetry; CV: cyclic voltammetry; EIS: electrical impedance spectroscopy; CA: chronoamperometry; IV: Influenza virus.
| Authors | Target | Signal Output | Recognition Element | Limit of Detection (LOD) | Linear Range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nucleic Acid Detection | Abad-Valle et al. (2005) | SARS-CoV (30-bp of genome) | SWV signal-on | Thiol-modified target complementary DNA probe | 6 pM | 0.102–5.10 nM |
| (Martínez-Paredes et al. 2009) | SARS-CoV (30-bp of genome) | CV signal-on | Alkaline phosphatase labelled target complementary DNA probe | 2.5 pM (2.5 pmol/L) | 2.5–50 pmol/L | |
| Díaz-González et al. (2008) | SARS-CoV (30-bp of genome) | CA signal-on | complementary DNA probe (electrostatic immobilization) | 0.5 nM | 20–200 pM | |
| Malecka et al. (2016) | Avian IV H5N1 | SWV signal-off | Thiolated ssDNA probe | 1 pM | Not Reported | |
| Chung et al. (2011) | Type A IV | CV signal-off | Biotinylated Complementary DNA probe | (85.1 fM) 8.51 × 10-14 M | 1 × 10-13 - 1 × 10-10 M |
|
| Ju et al. (2003) | HBV | CV signal-on | HBV complementary ss-DNA fragments | 10-21 mole of the original fragment | Not Reported | |
| Jampasa et al. (2014) | HPV | SWV signal-off | Anthraquinone-labelled pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acid probe | 4 nM | 0.02–12 μM | |
| Viral Antigen Detection | Hassen et al. (2011) | Type A IV | EIS signal-on | Polyclonal antibodies | 8 ng/mL | 0–64 ng/mL |
| Han et al. (2016) | H1N1, H5N1, H7N9 IV | CA signal-on | Target specific capture antibodies | 1 pg/mL | 1–10 ng/mL | |
| Singh et al. (2017) | H1N1 IV | CA signal-on | Target specific capture antibodies | 0.5 PFU/mL | 1 - 1 × 104 PFU/mL | |
| Layqah and Eissa (2019) | MERS-CoV and H–CoV | SWV signal-on | MERS-CoV specific and human coronavirus antibodies | 0.4 pg/mL and 1.0 pg/mL | 10-3 – 102 ng/mL and 10-2 – 104 ng/mL | |
| Seo et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2 | FET | SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody | 1 fg/mL and 1.6 × 101 PFU/mL | 1.6 × 101 -1.6 × 104 PFU/mL | |
| Antibody Detection | Jarocka et al. (2014) | Anti-hemagglutinin antibodies | EIS signal-on | His-tagged hemagglutinin and anti-his antibodies | 2.1 pg/mL | 4–20 pg/mL |
| Mikuła et al. (2018) | Anti-hemagglutinin antibodies | SWV signal-off | Recombinant his-tagged hemagglutinin | Not Reported | Not Reported |