Table 2.
Standardized factor loadings for the CSS via confirmatory factor analyses in patients with ADs and OCD.
| The CSS scales and their items | ADs | OCD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ω | Factor loadings | Z value | ω | Factor loadings | Z value | |
| DAN | 0.92 | 0.95 | ||||
| Q1. I am worried about catching the virus. | 0.50 | 14.40 | 0.56 | 14.92 | ||
| Q2. I am worried that I can't keep my family safe from the virus. | 0.50 | 14.31 | 0.59 | 15.59 | ||
| Q3. I am worried that our healthcare system won't be able to protect my loved ones. | 0.51 | 14.66 | 0.60 | 16.39 | ||
| Q4. I am worried that our healthcare system is unable to keep me safe from the virus. | 0.53 | 13.83 | 0.60 | 16.25 | ||
| Q5. I am worried that basic hygiene (e.g., hand washing) is not enough to keep me safe from the virus. | 0.56 | 14.09 | 0.61 | 17.16 | ||
| Q6. I am worried that social distancing is not enough to keep me safe from the virus. | 0.52 | 12.38 | 0.66 | 16.20 | ||
| Q19. I am worried that if I touched something in a public space (e.g., handrail, door handle), I would catch the virus. | 0.62 | 16.96 | 0.67 | 17.86 | ||
| Q20. I am worried that if someone coughed or sneezed near me, I would catch the virus. | 0.53 | 16.43 | 0.65 | 16.77 | ||
| Q21. I am worried that people around me will infect me with the virus. | 0.56 | 14.24 | 0.68 | 18.41 | ||
| Q22. I am worried about taking change in cash transactions. | 0.63 | 12.38 | 0.68 | 16.82 | ||
| Q23. I am worried that I might catch the virus from handling money or using a debit machine. | 0.59 | 14.26 | 0.70 | 18.28 | ||
| Q24. I am worried that my mail has been contaminated by mail handlers. | 0.55 | 15.12 | 0.70 | 17.97 | ||
| SEC | 0.94 | 0.94 | ||||
| Q7. I am worried about grocery stores running out of food. | 0.92 | 18.12 | 0.92 | 14.94 | ||
| Q8. I am worried that grocery stores will close down. | 0.97 | 20.16 | 0.94 | 15.04 | ||
| Q9. I am worried about grocery stores running out of cleaning or disinfectant supplies. | 0.98 | 23.94 | 0.77 | 12.25 | ||
| Q10. I am worried about grocery stores running out of cold or flu remedies. | 0.97 | 21.81 | 0.88 | 17.34 | ||
| Q11. I am worried about grocery stores running out of water. | 0.97 | 23.11 | 0.89 | 17.34 | ||
| Q12. I am worried about pharmacies running out of prescription medicines. | 0.85 | 16.23 | 0.72 | 15.51 | ||
| XEN | 0.90 | 0.95 | ||||
| Q13. I am worried that foreigners are spreading the virus in my country. | 0.68 | 17.16 | 0.70 | 18.05 | ||
| Q14. If I went to a restaurant that specialized in foreign foods, I'd be worried about catching the virus. | 0.69 | 17.92 | 0.71 | 17.64 | ||
| Q15. I am worried about coming into contact with foreigners because they might have the virus. | 0.62 | 14.40 | 0.75 | 19.98 | ||
| Q16. If I met a person from a foreign country, I'd be worried that they might have the virus. | 0.59 | 15.93 | .0.72 | 18.68 | ||
| Q17. If I was in an elevator with a group of foreigners, I'd be worried that they're infected with the virus. | 0.63 | 18.23 | 0.69 | 19.75 | ||
| Q18. I am worried that foreigners are spreading the virus because they're not as clean as we are. | 0.58 | 14.18 | 0.72 | 21.14 | ||
| TSS | 0.89 | 0.92 | ||||
| Q25. I had trouble concentrating because I kept thinking about the virus. | 0.54 | 16.30 | 0.62 | 14.09 | ||
| Q26. Disturbing mental images about the virus popped into my mind against my will. | 0.60 | 13.68 | 0.75 | 19.86 | ||
| Q27. I had trouble sleeping because I worried about the virus. | 0.65 | 15.76 | 0.68 | 15.07 | ||
| Q28. I thought about the virus when I didn't mean to. | 0.56 | 13.83 | 0.68 | 18.26 | ||
| Q29. Reminders of the virus caused me to have physical reactions, such as sweating or a pounding heart. | 0.61 | 12.51 | 0.85 | 16.93 | ||
| Q30. I had bad dreams about the virus. | 0.68 | 14.42 | 0.84 | 15.60 | ||
| CHE | 0.88 | 0.95 | ||||
| Q31. Searched the Internet for treatments for COVID-19. | 0.53 | 12.21 | 0.67 | 16.56 | ||
| Q32. Asking health professionals (e.g., doctors or pharmacists) for advice about COVID-19. | 0.52 | 12.36 | 0.71 | 15.76 | ||
| Q33. YouTube videos about COVID-19. | 0.59 | 14.11 | 0.67 | 18.24 | ||
| Q34. Checking your own body for signs of infection (e.g., taking your temperature). | 0.53 | 12.71 | 0.67 | 20.23 | ||
| Q35. Seeking reassurance from friends or family about COVID-19. | 0.63 | 16.02 | 0.77 | 22.46 | ||
| Q36. Social media posts concerning COVID-19. | 0.61 | 18.65 | 0.79 | 23.55 |
Note: ω = Omega coefficients; CSS=COVID Stress Scales; OCD = obsessive-compulsive disorder; ADs = anxiety disorders; DAN = danger and contamination fears; SEC = socio-economic consequences fears; XEN = xenophobic fears; TSS = traumatic stress symptoms; CHE = compulsive checking.
All Z values are significant (p < 0.001).