TABLE 1.
Descriptive Statistics for the Development and Test Cohorts
| Variable | Development, March 8 to May 31 | Test, June 1 to July 13 | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 4,520 | 3,150 | |
| Discharged in recent 14 d (%) | 37 (0.8) | 4 (0.6) | 0.001 |
| Demographics | |||
| Race (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Asian | 47 (1.0) | 28 (0.9) | |
| Black | 1,295 (28.7) | 1,173 (37.2) | |
| Other | 656 (14.5) | 551 (17.5) | |
| White | 2,522 (55.8) | 1,398 (44.4) | |
| Male (%) | 2,082 (46.1) | 1,478 (46.9) | 0.472 |
| Ethnicity (%) | 0.014 | ||
| Hispanic | 470 (10.4) | 384 (12.2) | |
| Non-Hispanic | 3,484 (77.1) | 2,341 (74.3) | |
| Unknown | 566 (12.5) | 425 (13.5) | |
| Smoking (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Current Smoker | 339 (7.5) | 219 (7.0) | |
| Former Smoker | 1,305 (28.9) | 585 (18.6) | |
| No | 2,273 (50.3) | 1,656 (52.6) | |
| Unknown | 603 (13.3) | 690 (21.9) | |
| Age (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 0.3% | 53.81 (36.22–68.49) | 46.43 (29.66–58.67) | < 0.001 |
| Exposure history | |||
| Exposed to COVID-19? Yes (%) | 3,161 (69.9) | 369 (11.7) | < 0.001 |
| Family member with COVID-19? Yes (%) | 2,781 (61.5) | 328 (10.4) | < 0.001 |
| Presenting symptoms | |||
| Cough? Yes (%) | 3,329 (73.7) | 354 (11.2) | < 0.001 |
| Fever? Yes (%) | 2,673 (59.1) | 258 (8.2) | < 0.001 |
| Fatigue? Yes (%) | 2,723 (60.2) | 278 (8.8) | < 0.001 |
| Sputum production? Yes (%) | 2,006 (44.4) | 219 (7.0) | < 0.001 |
| Flu-like symptoms? Yes (%) | 3,068 (67.9) | 348 (11.0) | < 0.001 |
| Shortness of breath? Yes (%) | 2,149 (47.5) | 230 (7.3) | < 0.001 |
| Diarrhea? Yes (%) | 1,815 (40.2) | 172 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
| Loss of appetite? Yes (%) | 2,289 (50.6) | 223 (7.1) | < 0.001 |
| Vomiting? Yes (%) | 1,289 (28.5) | 151 (4.8) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| BMI (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 14.5% | 28.69 (28.69–29.17) | 28.69 (28.69–29.99) | 0.576 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema? Yes (%) | 295 (6.5) | 142 (4.5) | < 0.001 |
| Asthma? Yes (%) | 654 (14.5) | 474 (15.0) | 0.502 |
| Diabetes? Yes (%) | 937 (20.7) | 435 (13.8) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension? Yes (%) | 1,953 (43.2) | 1,008 (32.0) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease? Yes (%) | 505 (11.2) | 209 (6.6) | < 0.001 |
| Heart failure? Yes (%) | 398 (8.8) | 177 (5.6) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer? Yes (%) | 517 (11.4) | 236 (7.5) | < 0.001 |
| Transplant history? Yes (%) | 29 (0.6) | 19 (0.6) | 0.95 |
| Multiple sclerosis? Yes (%) | 45 (1.0) | 14 (0.4) | 0.01 |
| Connective tissue disease? Yes (%) | 304 (6.7) | 81 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease? Yes (%) | 152 (3.4) | 37 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| Immunosuppressive disease? Yes (%) | 498 (11.0) | 262 (8.3) | < 0.001 |
| Vaccination history | |||
| Flu shot? Yes (%) | 1,761 (39.0) | 1,237 (39.3) | 0.803 |
| Pneumovax shot? Yes (%) | 764 (16.9) | 473 (15.0) | 0.029 |
| Laboratory findings upon presentation | |||
| Pretesting platelets (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 68.7% | 230.00 (230.00–230.00) | 230.00 (230.00–230.00) | 0.674 |
| Pretesting aspartate amino transferase (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 73.3% | 25.00 (25.00–25.00) | 25.00 (25.00–25.00) | 0.056 |
| Pretesting blood urea nitrogen (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: =69.0% | 15.00 (15.00–15.00) | 15.00 (15.00–15.00) | < 0.001 |
| Pretesting chloride (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 69.0% | 100.00 (100.00–100.00) | 100.00 (100.00–100.00) | 0.467 |
| Pretesting creatinine (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 69.0% | 0.93 (0.93–0.93) | 0.93 (0.93–0.93) | 0.653 |
| Pretesting alanine amino transferasea (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 72.9% | 1.32 (1.32–1.32) | 1.32 (1.32–1.32) | 0.02 |
| Pretesting C-reactive protein (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 83.5% | 4.50 (4.50–4.50) | 4.50 (4.50–4.50) | < 0.001 |
| Pretesting hematocrit (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 68.7% | 39.40 (39.40–39.40) | 39.40 (39.40–39.40) | 0.084 |
| Pretesting potassium (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 69.1% | 4.00 (4.00–4.00) | 4.00 (4.00–4.00) | 0.413 |
| Home medications | |||
| Immunosuppressive treatment? Yes (%) | 348 (7.7) | 39 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? Yes (%) | 911 (20.2) | 571 (18.1) | 0.029 |
| Steroids? Yes (%) | 415 (9.2) | 216 (6.9) | < 0.001 |
| Carvedilol? Yes (%) | 115 (2.5) | 52 (1.7) | 0.011 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor? Yes (%) | 406 (9.0) | 151 (4.8) | < 0.001 |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker? Yes (%) | 279 (6.2) | 131 (4.2) | < 0.001 |
| Melatonin? Yes (%) | 134 (3.0) | 41 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Social influencers of health | |||
| Population per km2a (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 0.2% | 3.10 (2.72–3.34) | 3.13 (2.72–3.38) | 0.06 |
| Median income ($1,000, median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 0.2% | 54.91 (37.82–73.65) | 48.92 (36.80–71.80) | < 0.001 |
| Population per housing unit (median [IQR]) | |||
| Missing: 0.2% | 2.22 (1.94–2.50) | 2.22 (1.89–2.61) | 0.064 |
BMI = body mass index, COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, IQR = interquartile range.