Fig 8. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces alarmin secretion from epithelial cells.
(A, B) The extra-cellular level of IL-1α and HMGB1 were measured by ELISA from culture supernatant of Huh7.5 and A549 cells after transfection of SARS-CoV-2 spike gene construct or empty vector as a control for comparison. The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. ‘*’ (p<0.05) and ‘**’ (p<0.005) represent statistical significance.