Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants.
| Q1 (N = 884,667) | Q2 (N = 884,542) | Q3 (N = 884,530) | Q4 (N = 884,761) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) (N,%) | 40.8 ± 10.3 | 46.2 ± 11.3 | 43.1 ± 11.2 | 46.9 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
| Male sex (N,%) | 741543 (83.8) | 470140 (53.2) | 704892 (79.7) | 505250 (57.1) | <0.001 |
| Baseline Creatinine | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Baseline eGFR | 90.7 ± 15.4 | 84.2 ± 16.3 | 89.1 ± 19.0 | 87.3 ± 24.8 | <0.001 |
| eGFR VIM | 3.3 ± 2.6 | 7.2 ± 0.8 | 11.4 ± 1.4 | 20.0 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | <0.001 | ||||
| - Never | 349566 (39.5) | 531927 (60.1) | 370654 (41.9) | 510224 (57.7) | |
| - Previous | 190354 (21.5) | 160587 (18.2) | 199291 (22.5) | 155663 (17.6) | |
| - Current | 344747 (39.0) | 192028 (21.7) | 314585 (35.6) | 218874 (24.7) | |
| Drinking (N,%) | <0.001 | ||||
| - Never | 277984 (31.4) | 401835 (45.4) | 304055 (34.4) | 413837 (46.8) | |
| - Current | 89985 (10.2) | 53737 (6.1) | 84288 (9.5) | 59714 (6.8) | |
| Low income | 94821 (10.7) | 146194 (16.5) | 124541 (14.1) | 190484 (21.5) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities (N,%) | |||||
| - Hypertension | 140649 (15.9) | 175072 (19.8) | 167712 (19.0) | 205221 (23.2) | <0.001 |
| - Diabetes mellitus | 52142 (5.9) | 64153 (7.25) | 64895 (7.3) | 77687 (8.8) | <0.001 |
| - Dyslipidemia | 135081 (15.27) | 165307 (18.69) | 153703 (17.4) | 194170 (22.0) | <0.001 |
| Body Mass index (Mean ± SD) | 24.1 ± 3.3 | 23.6 ± 3.3 | 24.1 ± 3.3 | 24.0 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| Systolic Blood pressure (Mean ± SD) | 122.0 ± 12.8 | 120.4 ± 13.7 | 121.8 ± 13.1 | 121.3 ± 13.7 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic Blood pressure (Mean ± SD) | 76.8 ± 9.1 | 75.7 ± 9.5 | 76.7 ± 9.3 | 76.1 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
The data are presented as N (%) or mean ± standard deviation.
Low income was defined as a total income, 20th percentile for the nation.
eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, VIM = variability independent of mean, SD = standard deviation.