Table 4.
Associations of IOM gestational-weight-gain category and child’s BMI outcomes at 3 years old, Kaiser Permanente Northern California 2008–2014
| All term pregnancies | Term siblings | |
|---|---|---|
| BMI z-score | ||
| (N = 111 482 mother–child pairs; 96 289 mothers) | (N = 29 610 mother–child pairs; 14 417 mothers) | |
| Gestational-weight-gain category | Mean differencea (95% CI) | Mean differenceb (95% CI) |
| Below IOM | −0.10 (−0.12, −0.09) | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.00) |
| Within IOM | Referent | Referent |
| Above IOM | 0.11 (0.10, 0.13) | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) |
| Obesity | ||
| (N = 111 482 mother–child pairs; 96 289 mothers) | (N = 3881 mother–child pairs; 1862 mothers) | |
| Gestational-weight-gain category | ORa (95% CI) | ORb (95% CI) |
| Below IOM | 0.87 (0.82, 0.93) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.22) |
| Within IOM | Referent | Referent |
| Above IOM | 1.30 (1.24, 1.37) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) |
Model is adjusted for gestational age at delivery (weeks), maternal race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, other; implicitly in fixed-effects models), maternal age at delivery (years), maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), nulliparity (yes, no), smoking during pregnancy (yes, no), Medicaid coverage at delivery (Y/N), maternal education (years) and child’s sex.
BMI, body mass index; IOM, Institute of Medicine; OR, odds ratio.
Generalized estimating-equations model accounting for correlation of outcomes in siblings.
Fixed-effects model controlling for all measured and unmeasured time-stable covariates.