The state of macrophage polarization was associated with the progression from chronic nonatrophic gastritis to gastric cancer and correlated with the state of H. pylori infection. Representative images of immunohistochemical staining for CD68 (a), CD86 (b), and CD206 (c) in human gastric mucosa samples with CNAG, IM, Dys, or GC (magnification 200x, scale bars = 50 μm). Scores were assessed, and statistical comparisons were conducted to evaluate the results for the expression of CD68, CD86, and CD206, as shown on the right side of the representative images. Levels of CD68 (d), CD86 (e), and CD206 (f) compared between H. pylori (-), H. pylori (+), and H. pylori (+++) gastric tissue samples at different stages. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.