ROS and HIF-1α influenced the macrophage polarization induced by H. pylori. (a–f) RAW 264.7 cells were incubated with H. pylori (MOI = 100) alone or in combination with NAC (10 mM). NAC treatment inhibited the M1 phenotype but promoted the M2 phenotype. (g–l) RAW 264.7 cells were incubated with H. pylori (MOI = 100) alone or in combination with YC-1 (10 μM). YC-1 treatment inhibited both M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. The expression of iNOS, CD86, CD206, and Arg-1 was detected by real-time PCR ((a–d), (g), (h), (j), and (k)). The expression of iNOS (c, i) and Arg-1 (f, l) was also analyzed by ELISA. All experiments were independently repeated three times. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.