Table 1.
Characteristics of participants according to osteopenia status.
| Parameters | Control | Osteopenia | p values |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 216 | 223 | |
| Anthropometrics | |||
| Age (years) | 53.5 ± 6.0 | 55.8 ± 8.0 | 0.001 |
| Age of menopause (years) | 4.0 (2.0-7.0) | 6.0 (3.0-10.0) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.1 ± 5.4 | 33.5 ± 5.7 | 0.26 |
| WHR | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.99 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 124.8 ± 17.8 | 130.0 ± 18.3 | 0.004 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.3 ± 11.1 | 76.8 ± 12.2 | 0.19 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 7.8 ± 3.2 | 7.7 ± 3.2 | 0.68 |
| Insulin (ng/ml) | 0.47 (0.31-0.68) | 0.55 (0.32-0.98) | 0.44 |
| Lipids | |||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 0.15 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.6 (1.2-2.3) | 1.6 (1.2-2.3) | 0.77 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.72 |
| Bone turnover markers | |||
| T-score (AP spine) | -0.3 (-0.7-0.3) | -1.7 (-2.1--1.2) | <0.001 |
| T-score (dual femur left) | 0.7 (0.0-1.3) | -0.5 (-1.1-0.3) | <0.001 |
| 25(OH)D (nmol/l) | 60.6 (35.4-82.7) | 61.3 (38.8-89.2) | 0.70 |
| VDBP (μg/ml) | 11.0 (5.9-46.6) | 14.9 (4.7-54.5) | 0.76 |
| PTH (pg/ml) | 11.0 (6.6-19.1) | 15.4 (9.6-27.5) | 0.004 |
| DKK1 (ng/ml) | 3.1 (1.98-4.1) | 3.1 (2.1-3.8) | 0.88 |
| OPG (ng/ml) | 0.72 (0.50-0.95) | 0.78 (0.58-1.07) | 0.14 |
| OPN (ng/ml) | 2.3 (1.3-3.4) | 2.5 (1.4-3.4) | 0.78 |
| RANKL (pg/ml) | 34.3 (20.6-66.3) | 24.0 (18.5-39.4) | 0.001 |
| SOST (ng/ml) | 1.4 (0.61-2.7) | 1.6 (0.8-2.3) | 0.95 |
| Osteocalcin (ng/ml) | 8.8 (2.9-13.1) | 8.7 (3.4-14.0) | 0.71 |
| ß-Crosslap (ng/ml) | 0.1 (0.0-0.1) | 0.1 (0.0-0.1) | 0.11 |
| Total pyridinoline (ng/ml) | 15.1 (7.0-31.3) | 15.5 (7.5-29.4) | 0.90 |
| NTx (nmol/l) | 49.1 (37.0-64.7) | 55.9 (40.9-84.7) | 0.06 |
| Interleukins | |||
| IL6 (pg/ml) | 7.5 (3.2-25.5) | 12.1 (6.4-25.6) | 0.013 |
| IL1B (pg/ml) | 1.6 (0.4-2.7) | 2.0 (0.3-2.7) | 0.39 |
| IL4 (pg/ml) | 7.7 (4.7-10.4) | 6.5 (3.2-10.0) | 0.15 |
| Adipocytokines | |||
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 16.9 (8.1-33.2) | 19.7 (8.4-37.0) | 0.38 |
| TNF-α (pg/ml) | 1.6 (1.1-2.3) | 1.9 (1.4-2.6) | 0.032 |
| Growth factors | |||
| FGF23 (pg/ml) | 62.6 ± 24.2 | 65.3 ± 23.2 | 0.30 |
| TGF β (ng/ml) | 41.2 (35.1-52.8) | 38.4 (25.7-47.6) | 0.06 |
| IGF-1 (ng/ml) | 17.8 (12.1-43.0) | 12.8 (11.4-18.5) | 0.29 |