IL-1β, but not TNFα or IL-6, is affected by sex and treatment. (a) Among LIF-treated rats, aged females (n = 5) had significantly lower levels of IL-1β compared to their PBS-treated counterparts (n = 5; ∗p < 0.05). However, there was no difference between the relative IL-1β expression between PBS-treated males (n = 7) and LIF-treated males (n = 11). n = 4 for both sham groups. However, (b) TNFα levels were not significantly altered among PBS-treated males (n = 7), LIF-treated males (n = 10), PBS-treated females (n = 5), and LIF-treated females (n = 3). n = 3 for male sham and n = 4 for female sham groups. (c) Furthermore, IL-6 levels were not significantly altered among PBS-treated males (n = 8), LIF-treated males (n = 11), PBS-treated females (n = 6), and LIF-treated females (n = 3). n = 3 for both sham groups.