Table 4.

An overview of the dictionaries and knowledge bases used for clinical concept extraction.

Dictionary/Knowledge base	Description	Link	Examples
Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)	Biomedical thesaurus organized by concept and it links similar names for the same concept	https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/knowledge_sources/metathesaurus/	(123, 134–137)
Wikipedia	PHI Category Description Source	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/	(138)
MeSH (Medical Subject Headings)	MeSH is the controlled vocabulary based on PubMed articles indexing developed by NLM	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh	(122, 123, 139)
ICD-O-3	International Classification of Diseases for Oncology	https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/adaptations/oncology/en/	(140)
RadLex	Radiology lexicon	http://www.radlex.org/	(123)
BodyParts3D	Anatomical concepts	https://dbarchive.biosciencedbc.jp/en/bodyparts3d/download.html	(123)
NCI Database	Cancer related information	https://cactus.nci.nih.gov/download/nci/	(122)
Berman taxonomy	Tumor taxonomy	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535937/bin/1471-2407-4-88-S1.gz	(140)
CTCAE	Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events	https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/ctc.htm	(141)