Table 3.

Reassessment of fracture risk for prolonged glucocorticoids users in the guidelines

References	Guideline	Year	Follow-up fracture risk assessmenta)
Naranjo Hernández et al. [25]	SER	2019	NA
Park et al. [12]	KSBMR/KCR	2018	Adults aged ≥40 years, never treated with OP medication: FRAX with BMD every 1–3 years, during OP medication: BMD every 2–3 years at high riska), completed OP medication: BMD every 2–3 years Adults aged <40 years, moderate-to-high riskb): BMD every 2–3 years
Buckley et al. [11]	ACR	2017	Adults aged ≥40 years, never treated with OP medication: FRAX with BMD every 1–3 years, during OP medication: BMD every 2–3 years at high riska), completed OP medication: BMD every 2–3 years Adults aged <40 years, moderate-to-high riskb): BMD every 2–3 years
Compston et al. [10]	NOGG	2017	NA
Rossini et al. [24]	SIOMMMS	2016	NA
González-Macías et al. [23]	SEIOMM	2015	BMD at shorter intervals than postmenopausal OP
Briot et al. [22]	SFR/GRIO	2014	BMD annually during the first 2 years, then adjusted interval according to the BMD values, GC dose, and underlying disease activity, spine X-ray or VFA if height loss ≥2 cm or with back pain
Suzuki et al. [21]	JSBMR	2014	X-ray and BMD every 6–12 months
Lekamwasam et al. [20]	IOF-ECTS	2012	BMD at appropriate intervals, X-ray or VFA if vertebral fracture suspected
Pereira et al. [19]	SBR/BMA/ABMFR	2012	BMD, spine X-ray or VFA every 6 months during the first year of GC use, then every 1–2 years
Dachverband Osteologie e. V. [17]	DVO	2011	BMD at intervals of 6–12 months in patients without OP medication, if GC ≥7.5 mg/day continued, BMD at shorter intervals (up to 6 months) in patients undergoing drug treatment, if GC ≥7.5 mg/day continued
Papaioannou et al. [18]	Osteoporosis Canada	2010	BMD every 1–3 years
Devogelaer et al. [16]	BBC	2006	NA
Bone and Tooth Society of Great Britain et al. [15]	RCP	2002	Spinal BMD

^a)Individuals with very high-dose GCs, or fragility fracture occurring after ≥18 months of osteoporosis medication, poor medication adherence or absorption, or other osteoporosis risk factors.

^b)Individuals with prior fragility fracture, or BMD Z-score <−3, ≥10% per year loss of BMD, very high-dose GCs, poor medication adherence or absorption, or other osteoporosis risk factors.

SER, Spanish Society of Rheumatology; KSBMR/KCR, Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research/Korean College of Rheumatology; ACR, American College of Rheumatology; NOGG, National Osteoporosis Guideline Group; SIOMMMS, Società Italiana dell’Osteoporosi del Metabolismo Minerale e delle Malattie dello Scheletro; SEIOMM, Sociedad Española de Investigación Ósea y Metabolismo Mineral; SFR/GRIO, French Society for Rheumatology and Osteoporosis Research and Information Group; JSBMR, Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research; IOF-ECTS, International Osteoporosis Foundation and the European Calcified Tissue Society; SBR/BMA/ABMFR, Brazilian Society of Rheumatology/Brazilian Medical Association/Brazilian Association of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; DVO, Dachverband Osteologie e. V.; BBC, Belgium Bone Club; RCP, Royal College of Physicians; NA, not available; OP, osteoporosis; FRAX, fracture risk assessment tool; BMD, bone mineral density; GC, glucocorticoid; VFA, Vertebral Fracture Assessment.