Table 5.
Sentiment analysis of emoji use in tweets.
| Emojia | Count, n | Emoji name | Phrases or #hashtags accompanying the emoji | Emotion | Link to original themes |
|
3 | Face with no good gesture | “my feet are burning,” things are very painful,” “my chances of surviving are horrible” | Negative | Discussion of arthritis-related symptoms, personal stories |
|
2 | Clapping hands sign | “my team have worked so hard,” “massive thanks” | Positive | Links to or advertisements of relevant blogs and forums, advice seeking |
|
2 | Smiling face with smiley eyes | “hope it helps all” | Positive | Health care experiences |
|
2 | Confused face | “I might be screwed,” “I think my consultant is wrong” | Negative | Health care experiences, discussion of arthritis-related symptoms |
|
2 | Person with folded hands | #lupuswarrior | Positive | Personal stories, health care experiences |
|
2 | Red heart suit | “hoping to support others,” #BeSafe | Positive | Links to or advertisements of relevant blogs and forums |
|
2 | Purple heart | “choose to spread awareness” | Positive | Personal stories |
|
1 | Crying face | “#coronavirus has opened my eyes” | Neutral | Health care experiences |
|
1 | Smirking face | “#makingthebestofit | Positive | Personal stories |
|
1 | Fisted hand sign | “I’ve got a morphine patch on to help” | Positive | Personal stories |
|
1 | Face with tears of joy | “happy sitting in the sun” | Positive | Messages of positivity |
|
1 | Leaves fluttering in the wind | “I’m laying outside” | Positive | Personal stories |
|
1 | Face with mouth open | “could potentially lead to the cure for #Coronavirus” | Positive | Health care experiences |
|
1 | Winking face | “I made healthy Easter treats in self islation” | Positive | Personal stories |
|
1 | Pill | “I really miss anti-inflammatories” | Negative | Stay-at-home messaging |
|
1 | Front-facing baby chick | #livingmybestlife | Positive | Personal stories |
|
1 each | See-no-evil monkey, speak-no-evil monkey, hear-no-evil monkey, monkey, monkey face | “my rheumatologist said I wasn’t at high risk” | Positive | Health care experiences |
aEmoji Sentiment Ranking did not include the upside-down face, the spectacle face, or the high-five emoji. There was one of each included in our data collection.