Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of similar CV toxicity in ICI therapy, CAR T-cell therapy, and COVID-19.
| ICI and CV toxicity | CAR-T cell and CV toxicity | COVID-19 and CV toxicity | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Incidence | <1% | NA/unknown | NA/unknown |
| Pathophysiology | T-cell mediated | Cytokine storm, high IL-6 | Hypoxia, Cytokine storm |
| Risk of VTE | High | High | High |
| Management | Steroid | Tocilizumab, and/or steroid | Supportive management, +/– dexamethasone |
| ACEI/ARB continue | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Long-term CV effect | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
ACEI, ACE Inhibitor; ARB, Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; CAR-T Cells, Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells; CRS, Cytokine Release Syndrome; CV, Cardiovascular; COVID-19, Coronavirus Diseases of 2019; ICI, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor; IL-6, Interleukin 6; NA, Not Applicable; VTE, Venous Thromboembolism.