Table 1.
Comparisons of baseline clinical, genetic and biochemical parameters between COVID-19 patients with asymptomatic/pauci-symptomatic and moderate/severe disease.
| Characteristics of Sardinian COVID-19 pts | Total pts (N = 182) | Group A (N = 143) | Group S (N = 39) | Comparison Group S vs Group A | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr): mean ± SD (95% CI; IQR) | 53.2 ± 18.1 (50.6–55.9; 27.4) | 49.1 ± 17.2 (46.3–52.0; 20.9) | 66.1 ± 15.3 (61.1–71.0; 26.8) | P = 9.2 · 10-8 | ||||
| n (%) | 95% CI (%) | n (%) | 95% CI | n (%) | 95% CI (%) | P value | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age ≤ 50 yr | 96 (52.7) | 45.4–60.0 | 85 (59.4) | 51.3–67.6 | 11 (28.2) | 13.6–42.8 | 5.8 10-4 | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) |
| 50 yr < Age < 65 yr | 48 (26.4) | 19.9–32.8 | 42 (29.4) | 21.8–36.9 | 6 (15.4) | 3.7–27.1 | 0.101 | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) |
| Age ≥ 65 yr | 38 (20.9) | 14.9–26.8 | 16 (11.2) | 6.0–16.4 | 22 (56.4) | 40.3–72.5 | 1.5 10-8 | 10.1 (4.2–25.2) |
| Male | 70 (38.5) | 31.3–45.6 | 42 (29.4) | 21.8–36.9 | 28 (71.8) | 57.2–86.4 | 2.2 10-6 | 6.1 (2.6–14.8) |
| Female | 112 (61.5) | 54.4–68.7 | 101 (70.6) | 63.1–78.2 | 11 (28.2) | 13.6–42.8 | 2.2 10-6 | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) |
| FLU vaccine 2019 (total pts) | 23 (12.6) | 7.8–17.5 | 23 (16.1) | 10.0–22.2 | 0 | 0.0–9.0 | 0.005 | 0.0 (0.0–0.6) |
| - FLU vaccine 2019 (age ≥ 65 yr) | 0 | 0.0–2.0 | 0 | 0.0–2.5 | 0 | 0.0–9.0 | 1 | – |
| FLU vaccine last 3 yr | 27 (14.8) | 9.6–20.0 | 27 (18.9) | 12.4–25.4 | 0 | 0.0–9.0 | 0.002 | 0.0 (0.0–0.5) |
| - FLU vaccine last 3 yr (age ≥ 65 yr) | 0 | 0.0–2.0 | 0 | 0.0–2.5 | 0 | 0.0–9.0 | 1 | – |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| Cancer | 4 (2.2) | 0.1–4.3 | 4 (2.8) | 0.1–5.5 | 0 | 0.0–9.0 | 0.579 | 0.0 (0.0–5.6) |
| Type I Diabetes Mellitus | 6 (3.3) | 0.7–5.9 | 4 (2.8) | 0.1–5.5 | 2 (5.1) | 0.0–12.3 | 0.610 | 1.9 (0.2–13.6) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease1 | 2 (1.1) | 0.0–2.6 | 2 (1.4) | 0.0–3.3 | 0 | 0.0–9.0 | 1 | 0.0 (0.0–19.7) |
| Ischemic heart disease2 | 14 (7.7) | 3.8–11.6 | 12 (8.4) | 3.8–13.0 | 2 (5.1) | 0.0–12.3 | 0.737 | 0.6 (0.1–2.8) |
| Hypertension | 27 (14.8) | 9.6–20.0 | 21 (14.7) | 8.8–20.5 | 6 (15.4) | 3.7–27.1 | 1 | 1.1 (0.3–3.0) |
| Autoimmune disease3 | 22 (12.1) | 7.3–16.9 | 11 (7.7) | 3.3–12.1 | 11 (28.2) | 13.6–42.8 | 0.001 | 4.7 (1.7–13.2) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 18 (9.9) | 5.5–14.3 | 11 (7.7) | 3.3–12.1 | 7 (17.9) | 5.5–30.4 | 0.071 | 2.6 (0.8–8.1) |
| Chronic Medication use | ||||||||
| Steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | 9 (4.9) | 1.8–8.1 | 6 (4.2) | 0.9–7.5 | 3 (7.7) | 0.0–16.3 | 0.406 | 1.9 (0.3–9.4) |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug4 | 11 (6.0) | 2.6–9.5 | 6 (4.2) | 0.9–7.5 | 5 (12.8) | 2.0–23.7 | 0.060 | 3.3 (0.8–14.0) |
| ACE II inhibitor5 | 19 (10.4) | 6.0–14.9 | 12 (8.4) | 3.8–13.0 | 7 (17.9) | 5.5–30.4 | 0.134 | 2.4 (0.7–7.2) |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker6 | 10 (5.5) | 2.2–8.8 | 7 (4.9) | 1.3–8.5 | 3 (7.7) | 0.0–16.3 | 0.449 | 1.6 (0.3–7.5) |
| Beta and calcium channel blockers7 | 25 (13.7) | 8.7–18.8 | 16 (11.2) | 6.0–16.4 | 9 (23.1) | 9.4–36.7 | 0.068 | 2.4 (0.8–6.4) |
| Levothyroxine | 10 (5.5) | 2.2–8.8 | 10 (7.0) | 2.8–11.2 | 0 | 0.0–9.0 | 0.122 | 0.0 (0.0–1.6) |
| Genetic trait | ||||||||
| Beta-thalassemic Trait | 19 (10.4) | 6.0–14.9 | 19 (13.3) | 7.7–18.9 | 0 | 0.0–2.1 | 0.015 | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) |
| G6PDH deficiency | 24 (13.2) | 8.2–18.1 | 14 (9.8) | 4.9–14.7 | 10 (25.6) | 11.5–39.8 | 0.015 | 3.2 (1.1–8.5) |
| Serology | Mean ± SD | 95% CI (IQR) | Mean ± SD | 95% CI (IQR) | Mean ± SD | 95% CI (IQR) | P value | |
| White blood cell count (x103/µL) | 8.3 ± 3.2 | 7.8–8.7 (4.5) | 8.1 ± 2.3 | 7.7–8.5 (4.5) | 8.4 ± 3.7 | 7.3–9.6 (4.6) | 0.444 | |
| Lymphocyte count (x103/µL) | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.0–1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.1–1.2 (0.7) | 1.0 ± 0.8 | 0.8–1.3 (0.6) | 0.182 | |
Group A: patients with asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic disease.
Group S: moderate or severe disease.
SD, Standard deviation; IQR, Interquartile range; CI, Confidence interval.
1Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was defined as a diagnosis of emphysema and/or bronchitis.
2Ischemic heart disease was categorized as a history of myocardial infarction or angina.
3Autoimmune disease included Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, type I diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoimmune hepatitis.
4Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs included aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, indomethacin, celecoxib, and meloxicam.
5Angiotensin-converting enzyme II inhibitors included captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, fosinopril, ramipril, and quinapril.
6Angiotensin II receptor blockers included losartan, candesartan, irbesartan, olmesartan, and valsartan.
7Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers included amlodipine and nifedipine. Beta blockers included atenolol, bisoprolol, labetalol, metoprolol, and nebivolol.