Table 2.
Comparisons of HLA Class I and Class II allele frequencies between patients and controls and patients with an asymptomatic/pauci-symptomatic or moderate/severe disease course.
| Controls (1238 alleles) | Patients (364 alleles) | P values | Group A (286 alleles) | Group S (78 alleles) | P values | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | P | Pc | n (%) | n (%) | P | Pc | ||
| HLA-A | |||||||||
| A*11 | 81 (6.5) | 36 (9.9) | 0.039 | 0.694 | 32 (11.2) | 6 (7.7) | 0.530 | 1 | |
| A*26 | 28 (2.3) | 14 (3.8) | 0.133 | 1 | 7 (2.4) | 2 (2.6) | 1 | 1 | |
| A*30 | 230 (18.6) | 56 (15.4) | 0.186 | 1 | 45 (15.7) | 12 (15.4) | 1 | 1 | |
| A*03 | 65 (5.3) | 26 (7.1) | 0.197 | 1 | 19 (6.6) | 4 (5.1) | 0.795 | 1 | |
| A*33 | 45 (3.63) | 8 (2.2) | 0.242 | 1 | 7 (2.4) | 2 (2.6) | 1 | 1 | |
| A*29 | 26 (2.1) | 4 (1.1) | 0.274 | 1 | 4 (1.4) | 0 | 0.582 | 1 | |
| A*32 | 108 (8.7) | 38 (10.4) | 0.351 | 1 | 28 (9.8) | 10 (12.8) | 0.411 | 1 | |
| A*01 | 102 (8.2) | 24 (6.6) | 0.375 | 1 | 21 (7.3) | 2 (2.6) | 0.187 | 1 | |
| A*02 | 363 (29.3) | 98 (26.9) | 0.392 | 1 | 79 (27.6) | 23 (29.5) | 0.778 | 1 | |
| A*24 | 119 (9.6) | 38 (10.4) | 0.618 | 1 | 32 (11.2) | 6 (7.7) | 0.530 | 1 | |
| A*23 | 20 (1.6) | 4 (1.1) | 0.626 | 1 | 0 | 4 (5.1) | 0.002* | 0.034 | |
| HLA-B | |||||||||
| B*40 | 11 (0.9) | 12 (3.3) | 0.001† | 0.049 | 7 (2.4) | 6 (7.7) | 0.038 | 0.950 | |
| B*58 | 141 (11.9) | 22 (6.0) | 0.002 | 0.059 | 19 (6.6) | 4 (5.1) | 0.795 | 1 | |
| B*55 | 40 (3.2) | 2 (0.5) | 0.002 | 0.066 | 2 (0.7) | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| B*53 | 5 (0.4) | 8 (2.2) | 0.002 | 0.077 | 4 (1.4) | 4 (5.1) | 0.068 | 1 | |
| B*35 | 153 (12.4) | 58 (15.9) | 0.078 | 1 | 45 (15.7) | 12 (15.4) | 1 | 1 | |
| B*18 | 315 (25.4) | 76 (20.9) | 0.082 | 1 | 58 (20.3) | 16 (20.5) | 1 | 1 | |
| B*08 | 30 (2.4) | 14 (3.8) | 0.147 | 1 | 11 (3.8) | 4 (5.1) | 0.537 | 1 | |
| B*44 | 58 (4.7) | 24 (6.6) | 0.175 | 1 | 17 (5.9) | 4 (5.1) | 1 | 1 | |
| B*14 | 74 (6.0) | 28 (7.7) | 0.271 | 1 | 19 (6.6) | 8 (10.3) | 0.328 | 1 | |
| B*07 | 37 (3.0) | 14 (3.8) | 0.399 | 1 | 7 (2.4) | 6 (7.7) | 0.038 | 0.950 | |
| B*39 | 22 (1.8) | 8 (2.2) | 0.659 | 1 | 9 (3.1) | 0 | 0.214 | 1 | |
| B*13 | 23 (1.9) | 8 (2.2) | 0.667 | 1 | 7 (2.4) | 2 (2.6) | 1 | 1 | |
| B*15 | 23 (1.9) | 8 (2.2) | 0.667 | 1 | 4 (1.4) | 4 (5.1) | 0.068 | 1 | |
| B*49 | 75 (6.1) | 20 (5.5) | 0.801 | 1 | 19 (6.6) | 2 (2.6) | 0.271 | 1 | |
| B*51 | 79 (6.4) | 22 (6.0) | 0.903 | 1 | 21 (7.3) | 2 (2.6) | 0.187 | 1 | |
| HLA-C | |||||||||
| C*04 | 139 (11.2) | 66 (18.1) | 0.001^ | 0.012 | 51 (17.8) | 14 (17.9) | 1 | 1 | |
| C*07 | 369 (29.8) | 88 (24.2) | 0.040 | 0.527 | 68 (23.8) | 23 (29.5) | 0.305 | 1 | |
| C*16 | 34 (2.7) | 18 (4.9) | 0.040 | 0.567 | 15 (5.2) | 2 (2.6) | 0.544 | 1 | |
| C*12 | 77 (6.2) | 34 (9.3) | 0.046 | 0.593 | 34 (11.9) | 2 (2.6) | 0.010 | 0.120 | |
| C*03 | 48 (3.9) | 8 (2.2) | 0.145 | 1 | 4 (1.4) | 4 (5.1) | 0.068 | 0.816 | |
| C*06 | 76 (6.1) | 16 (4.4) | 0.249 | 1 | 15 (5.2) | 2 (2.6) | 0.544 | 1 | |
| C*05 | 243 (19.6) | 62 (17.0) | 0.288 | 1 | 45 (15.7) | 16 (20.5) | 0.310 | 1 | |
| C*08 | 73 (5.9) | 26 (7.1) | 0.387 | 1 | 17 (5.9) | 8 (10.3) | 0.206 | 1 | |
| C*02 | 73 (5.9) | 24 (6.6) | 0.618 | 1 | 19 (6.6) | 2 (2.6) | 0.271 | 1 | |
| C*01 | 26 (2.1) | 6 (1.6) | 0.676 | 1 | 7 (2.4) | 0 | 0.354 | 1 | |
| C*15 | 54 (4.4) | 14 (3.8) | 0.768 | 1 | 9 (3.1) | 4 (5.1) | 0.488 | 1 | |
| HLA-DRB1 | |||||||||
| DR*14 | 34 (2.7) | 20 (5.5) | 0.0193 | 0.251 | 17 | (5.9) | 2 (2.6) | 0.387 | 1 |
| DR*11 | 195 (15.8) | 44 (12.1) | 0.0941 | 1 | 43 | (15.0) | 4 (5.1) | 0.021 | 0.252 |
| DR*12 | 19 (1.5) | 2 (0.5) | 0.193 | 1 | 2 | (0.7) | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| DR*07 | 68 (5.5) | 14 (3.8) | 0.227 | 1 | 13 | (4.5) | 2 (2.6) | 0.747 | 1 |
| DR*13 | 51 (4.1) | 18 (4.9) | 0.466 | 1 | 17 | (5.9) | 2 (2.6) | 0.387 | 1 |
| DR*16 | 240 (19.4) | 76 (20.9) | 0.549 | 1 | 55 | (19.2) | 18 (23.1) | 0.523 | 1 |
| DR*01 | 104 (8.4) | 34 (9.3) | 0.595 | 1 | 23 | (8.0) | 10 (12.8) | 0.189 | 1 |
| DR*04 | 164 (13.2) | 52 (14.3) | 0.601 | 1 | 32 | (11.2) | 16 (20.5) | 0.038 | 0.456 |
| DR*03 | 272 (22.0) | 82 (22.5) | 0.829 | 1 | 66 | (23.1) | 16 (20.5) | 0.760 | 1 |
| DR*15 | 43 (3.5) | 12 (3.3) | 1 | 1 | 11 | (3.8) | 2 (2.6) | 0.743 | 1 |
| DR*08 | 23 (1.9) | 4 (1.1) | 0.486 | 1 | 0 | 4 (5.1) | 0.002# | 0.024 | |
^HLA-C*04:01 was the only allelic variant observed for the HLA-C4 antigen. The difference observed for this allele between patients and controls remained significant after correction for multiple comparisons [OR = 1.8 (95% CI: 1.3–2.4)].
†For HLA-B40: HLA-B*40:02 was found in controls and HLA-B*40:02 and HLA-BB*40:01 in patients; statistical significance was lost after analyzing each single allele.
*The only allelic variant observed for HLA-A23 was HLA-A*23:01.
#The only allelic variant observed for HLA-DR8 was HLA-DRB1*08:01.
When comparing patients with pauci-symptomatic or mild disease to patients with moderate, severe or critical disease, only HLA-A*23:01 and HLA-DRB1*08:01 (OR > 2.5) maintained statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons.
Group A: patients with asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic disease.
Group S: patients with moderate or severe disease.
Pc was obtained by multiplying the uncorrected P value by the number of alleles observed.