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. 2020 Dec 17;10:22144. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78973-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quantitative material contrast extracted from energy analyser spectral signals (a) Experimental energy analyser spectra at a primary beam voltage of 1 kV for 6 different metals with 0 V specimen bias (b) Experimental energy analyser spectra at a primary beam voltage of 2 kV for 6 different metals with 0 V specimen bias (c) Spectral peak height variation with atomic number at a primary beam voltage of 1 kV (d) Spectral peak height variation with atomic number at a primary beam voltage of 2 kV (e) Experimental energy analyser spectra at a primary beam voltage of 1 kV for Pt and Au metal foil specimens with a − 10 V specimen bias (f) The normalised experimental energy analyser spectra shown in (e).