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. 2020 Dec 17;10:22150. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78876-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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TEM observations of the dorsal integument of healthy and SKUD-affected Holothuria scabra. (A–C) healthy integument; (D–F) SKUD-affected integument. The upper portion of the body wall showing the thin cell processes of covering cells and the loose connective tissue with the perikaria of basal cells, covering cells, type I mucocytes (A; arrows show the thin epidermal processes and asterisks underline the various collagen fibre orientations); pigment cells (B); and a detailed view of first micrometres from the surface showing the nanometric epidermal covering and the orientation of collagen fibres (C; arrows show the hemidesmosomes). SKUD-affected integument shows degrading cell clusters with vacuolated fragmented cells (D); degrading cells into the loose connective tissue (E); and invading bacteria (black asterisks) and degrading cell material with electron-dense crystalline bodies (white asterisks) (F). Legend: Bc basal cell, Cc covering cell, EpP epidermal process, LCT loose connective tissue, MuI mucocyte cell of type I, MuII mucocyte cell of type II, Np nerve process, Ol ossicle lacunae, space of dissolved ossicle, Pc pigment cell, VFC vacuolated fragmented cell.