Table 1.
SKin Ulceration Diseases in sea cucumbers, the associated pathogens and the potential causes. Legend: Species; H. sca.: Holothuria scabra; A. jap.: Apostichopus japonicus; H. arg.: Holothuria arguinensis; Pseudoalteromonas: P.; Vibrio: V.; Stages; J: juveniles; A: adults; Ref.: references.
| Pathogen(s)/cause(s) | Species | Stage(s) | Experimental induction of SKUD | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assay(s) | Result(s) | ||||
| Studies investigating the impact of biotic factors (bacteria, virus…) | |||||
| Arcobacter bivalviorum, P. citrea, P. sp., V. azureus, V. fortis, V. owensii, V. parahaemolyticus, V. rotiferianus, V. tubiashi, V. sp. | H. sca | J | No assay (Detection only) | 8 | |
| V. alginolyticus | H. sca | J | No assay (Detection only) | 9 | |
| V. salmonicida | H. sca | A | No assay (Detection only) | 10 | |
| V. harveyi | H. sca | A | No assay (Detection only) | 2 | |
| Bacterium from the CFB group, Roseobacter sp., V. sp., V. natriegens, V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus | H. sca | J |
(i) Immersion (ii) Contact |
No induction | 3 |
| V. gigantis, V. crassostreae, P. spongiae, Alteromonas mediterranea | H. arg | A | No assay (Detection only) | 4 | |
| Unidentified Bacteria | A. jap | A | Immersion2 | SKUD induction | 5 |
| Bacteria from CFB group, Alteromonadales, Vibrionales | A. jap | A | No assay (Detection only) | 7 | |
| V. cyclitrophicus, V. splendidus, V. harveyi, V. tasmaniensis, Photobacterium sp., Arthrobacter protophormiae, Staphylococcus equorum | A. jap | A |
(i) Body wall injection1 (ii) Immersion |
SKUD induction | 12 |
| Shewanella marisflavi | A. jap | A |
(i) Body wall injection (ii) Intracoelomic injection |
SKUD induction | 18 |
| P. sp., P. tetraodonis | A. jap | A |
(i) Immersion (ii) Intracoelomic injection |
SKUD induction | 6 |
| V. splendidus, Shewanella sp., P. tetraodonis | A. jap | A | Intracoelomic injection | SKUD induction | 11 |
| V. splendidus | A. jap | A | Immersion | SKUD induction | 13,14 |
| Unidentified virus | A. jap | A | Immersion2 | SKUD induction | 5 |
| Unidentified virus | A. jap | A |
(i) Immersion (ii) Intracoelomic injection |
SKUD induction | 6 |
| Studies investigating the impact of abiotic factors (food quality, salinity, temperature…) | |||||
| High temperatures, High stocking densities | A. jap | A | No assay | 1 | |
| Non-adequate food | H. sca | A | Ingestion | SKUD induction | 17 |
| Low salinity (i.e. 20‰) | H. sca | A | Immersion | SKUD induction | 19 |