Table 4.

Influence of RRT on EV properties in CKD.

Condition	EV populations and cargoa	Functionb
CVVH	Ultrafiltrate: no EVs [109] pre- vs. post-filter: total EVs →, CD31+/CD41- EVs ↑ (sepsis-AKI) [109]
HD	Ultrafiltrate/dialysate: only traces of miRNA (hence no EVs) [110] pre- vs. post-HD: total plasma miRNA → [110] low flux: EC-EVs and Mo-EVs ↑ after HD compared to high flux [116]	miR-223+ EVs: VSMC calcification ↑, angiogenesis ↓, EC apoptosis ↑ [81]
HDF	EC-EVs ↓ compared to HD [81, 90, 117] miR-223 ↓ compared to HD [81]	VSMC calcification ↓, angiogenesis ↑, EC apoptosis ↓ compared to HD [81]
PD	PD effluent: mesothelial EVs detected [119, 120]

^aIf not declared differently, EVs were purified from patients’ blood

^bNote that EV functions are commonly evaluated in bulk preparations and not in the specifically altered subpopulations