Table 2.
Lipoprotein-based drug delivery systems.
| Chemotherapy | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Molecule | Lipoprotein subclass | Pathology | Experiments | Ref |
| 5-fluorouracil, 5-iododeoxyuridine, doxorubicin, and vindesine | Natural VLDLs, LDLs, and HDLs | Cervical cancer and breast cancer | In vitro Human cervical cancer (HeLa) and breast cancer (MCF-7) | [58] |
| Paclitaxel oleate | sLDLs | GBM | In vitro Human cervical cancer (HeLa) and GBM (SF-767, U-251, SF-763) | [42] |
| Paclitaxel-alpha linolenic acid | sLDLs | GBM and hepatocarcinoma |
In vitro Human GBM (U-87 MG) and hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) In vivo BALB/c nude mice bearing subcutaneous tumors (U-87 MG) |
[64] |
| Paclitaxel | sHDLs | Breast cancer, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer |
In vitro Human breast cancer (MCF7), prostate cancer (DU145), and ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3 OV1063) In vivo C57BL6 mice |
[65] |
| Withalongolide A 4,19,27-triacetate | sHDLs | Adrenocortical carcinoma |
In vitro Human adrenocortical carcinoma (H295R, SW13). In vivo Athymic nude mice Foxn1nu bearing subcutaneous tumors (H295R). |
[66] |
| Sorafenib and dihydroartemisinin | sLDLs | Liver cancer |
In vitro Human liver cancer (HepG2) In vivoBALB/c nude mice bearing subcutaneous tumors (HepG2) |
[67] |
| Toll-like receptor 9 agonist and tumor-specific neoantigens | sHDLs | Gliomas | In vivo C57BL/6 mice bearing subcutaneous tumors (GL261) and CD4−/− and CD8−/− knockout (KO) mice bearing orthotopic tumors (GL261) | [68] |
| Antigen peptides and CpG | sHDLs | Colon adenocarcinoma | In vivo C57BL/6 mice bearing subcutaneous tumors (MC-38) | [69] |
| Nucleic acids | ||||
| Molecule | Lipoprotein subclass | Pathology | Experiments | Ref # |
| Androgen receptor siRNA | sHDLs | Prostate cancer |
In vivo Human prostate cancer (LNCaP), melanoma (A375), breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), and ovarian cancer (OvCar3) In vivo Athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous tumors (LNCaP) |
[70] |
| ApoB siRN | sHDLs sLDLs | Atherosclerosis |
In vitro Mouse primary hepatocytes In vivo C57BL6 double transgenic mice expressing human apoB and cholesterol ester transfer protein |
[71] |
| Activating transcription factor-5 siRNA | sHDLs | Glioblastoma |
In vitro Rat glioblastoma cells (C6) In vivo NOD/SCID mice bearing subcutaneous tumors (C6) |
[72] |
| Atherosclerosis treatments | ||||
| Molecule | Lipoprotein subclass | Pathology | Experiments | Ref # |
| Anti-inflammatory liver X receptor agonist | sHDLs | Atherosclerotic plaques |
In vitro Mouse macrophages (J774A.1) In vivo C57BL/6 J mice and apoE-deficient mice (B6.129P2-Apoetm1Unc/J) |
[73] |
| Lovastatin | sHDLs | Hypercholesterole mia |
In vitro Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) In vivo ApoE knockout mice (B6.129P2-Apoetm1Unc/J) |
[74] |
| Simvastatin | Hyaluronan-anchored core-shell sHDL | Atherosclerotic plaques |
In vitro Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) In vivo Atherosclerotic New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits |
[75] |
| Simvastatin | sHDL | Atherosclerotic plaques |
In vitro Mouse macrophages (J774A.1), mouse endothelial cells (MS1), mouse aortic smooth muscle cells (MOVAS) and mouse liver cells (Hepa-1c1c7) In vivo ApoE-knockout mice (B6.129P2-Apoetm1Unc/J) |
[76] |
| β-cyclodextrin and simvastatin | sHDL | Atherosclerotic plaques | In vitro Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) | [77] |
| Imaging molecules | ||||
| Molecule | Lipoprotein subclass | Pathology | Experiments | Ref # |
| Amphiphilic gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid chelates | LDLs | Liver cancer |
In vitro Human liver cancer (HepG2) and Chinese hamster ovary cells (ldlA7). In vivo Nude mice bearing subcutaneous tumors (HepG2) |
[78] |
| Silicon tetra-tert-butyl-phthalocyanine | sLDLs | Liver cancer | In vitro Human liver cancer (HepG2) | [79] |
| Nanocrystals as imaging molecules | sHDLs | Atherosclerosis | In vivo Wild type and apoE knockout mice | [80] |
| Valrubicin | sHDLs | Prostate cancer | In vitro Human prostate cancer (PC3) | [81] |
| 99mTc- hydrazinonicotinic acid -N-dodecylamide | sHDLs | Prostate cancer |
In vitro Human prostate cancer (PC3) In vivo In vivo subcutaneous tumor (PC3) |
[82] |
| Triphenylphosphonium cations and quantum dots | sHDLs | Atherosclerotic plaques |
In vitro Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) In vivo Sprague Dawley rats |
[83] |
| Anti-virals | ||||
| Molecule | Lipoprotein subclass | Pathology | Experiments | Ref # |
| Lopinavir and Ritonavir | sChylomicrons | Human immunodeficiency virus |
In vitro Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). In vivo Sprague Dawley rats |
[62] |
| Hepatitis B antigens | sChylomicrons | Hepatitis B |
In vitro Human bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells In vivo Sprague Dawley rats |
[84] |
| His-tagged West Nile virus envelope protein | Nickel-chelating nanolipoprotein particles | West Nile encephalitis | In vivo Swiss Webster mice | [85] |
| Alzheimer’s disease | ||||
| ApoE3 | sHDL | Alzheimer’s disease | In vivo Senescence-accelerated prone mouse (SAMP8) and senescence-accelerated mouse resistant R1 (SAMR1) | [86] |
| Tissue regeneration | ||||
| Rapamycin | sHDL | Tissue regeneration |
In vitro Human monocyte cell line (THP-1) In vivo Zebrafish larvae |
[87] |
Apo, apolipoprotein; DHL, dihydroartemisinin; Foxn1, forkhead Box N1; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NOD, non-obese diabetic; nu, nude; Ref, reference; s, synthetic; SCID, severe combined immune deficiency; siRNA, small interfering RNA; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.