Table 3.
Comparison of national and effective research antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions
| AMS interventions (national interventions identified in Ref. 6, effective research interventions identified in stage 2 rapid review) |
Targeted at prescribers | Targeted at community pharmacy staff |
| National and effective research interventions | ||
| 1. CMO letters to high prescribing practices54 | ✓ | |
| 2. FeverPAIN (clinical score) (with/without rapid antigen detection test)55 | ✓ | |
| 3. TARGET online toolkit (the study involved workshops in general practices promoting TARGET toolkit)57 | ✓ | |
| 4. STAR online communications skills training (the study involved also a practice seminar; nationally available training is online only)50 | ✓ | |
| National interventions (without research evidence of effectiveness) | ||
| 5. AMS Competencies | ✓ | |
| 6. UK 5-year AMR strategy | ✓ | |
| 7. NG15 (guideline) | ✓ | ✓ |
| 8. NG63 (guideline) | ✓ | ✓ |
| 9. NG79 (guideline) | ✓ | |
| 10. NG84 (guideline) | ✓ | |
| 11. NICE QS61 (quality standards) | ✓ | |
| 12. NICE QS121 (quality standards) | ✓ | |
| 13. NICE CG69 (guideline) | ✓ | |
| 14. PHE managing infections (guideline) | ✓ | |
| 15. Royal Pharmaceutical Society (RPS) AMS quick reference guide (guideline summary) | ✓ | |
| 16. PHE Fingertips (website with prescribing data) | ✓ | |
| 17. PrescQIPP (website with prescribing data) | ✓ | |
| 18. Centor (clinical score) | ✓ | |
| 19. Managing Acute Respiratory Tract Infections e-module (online training) | ✓ | |
| 20. Health Education England video for GPs (online training) | ✓ | |
| 21. Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education Antimicrobial stewardship e-module (online training) | ✓ | ✓ |
| 22. The Learning Pharmacy (online training) | ✓ | |
| 23. UK Clinical Pharmacy Association/RPS professional practice curriculum (online training) | ✓ | |
| 24. Antibiotic Guardian (campaign) | ✓ | ✓ |
| 25. Antibiotic Action (campaign) | ✓ | |
| 26. Treat Yourself Better with Pharmacist Advice (campaign) | ✓ | |
| Effective research-only interventions (not nationally implemented) | ||
| 27. Electronic decision support tools53 | ✓ | |
| 28. CRP POCT (with/without communication skills training)56 | ✓ | |
| 29. Training and using interactive booklet (‘When Should I Worry’) with parents/cares of children with RTIs52 | ✓ | |
| 30. Evidence-based practice protocol for management of sore throats51 | ✓ | |
| 31. Workshops on antibiotic prescribing58 | ✓ | |
CMO, chief medical officer; CRP POCT, C reactive protein point-of-care testing; GP, general practitioner; NICE, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; PHE, Public Health England; RPS, Royal Pharmaceutical Society; RTI, respiratory tract infection.