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. 2020 Dec 17;10:22192. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79114-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative macroscopic images of EVPOMEs at Day 0 (immediately after cells were seeded), Day 4 (transferred into air–liquid interface culture) and Day 11 (completion of EVPOMEs manufacturing). The initial construct size was 20 mm in diameter (Scale bar = 20 mm). Data shown are presented as mean ± SD of diameters of the EVPOMEs (n = 5). The collagen gels with EDC crosslinking showed little contraction as indicated. As p values determined by a paired t test are shown, the EVPOME dimeter was significantly reduced (contracted) after manufacturing the grid-type scaffolds (G-R and G-T) without 1% EDC crosslinking, compared with the crosslinked ones. Although the contraction of other EVPOMEs was not statistically significant, the resulting EVPOME diameters were inconsistent due to large variations.