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. 2020 Dec 17;10:22116. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79089-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Example of individual vergence and saccade trials. Tracings of vergence and saccades in an individual healthy control (A,B) and dyslexic (C,D) subject in one trial period. Despite initiating vergence movements quickly towards the target (in blue), the dyslexic subject takes longer to reach the vergence target (indeed, longer than measured). Similar difficulties can be seen in the saccade trial (B,D). (b) Example of vergence and conjugate tracing. Tracings of non-dyslexic (left) and dyslexic (right) vergence (green) movements over time. Convergence is represented by upward movements, divergence downward. The blue traces indicate conjugate saccade intrusions. Saccade intrusions are present for both, though are perhaps slightly more distinct for the dyslexic child; however, these measurements need finer analysis, perhaps with higher resolution eye trackers to better quantify eventual differences between the healthy control and the dyslexic.