Table 1.
Potential Risk Factors During Childhood and Adolescence for Substance Use Disorders in Adulthood
| Potential Risk Factor | First Author | Year | Sample Size | Relationship Between Risk Factors in Childhood or Adolescence and Adult Substance Use Disorders |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychopathology | ||||
| Psychiatric Diagnoses | Groenman [14]* | 2017 | 22,029 | attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ↑ AUD, NUD, other SUD (including cannabis) and any SUD |
| 434 | oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder ↑ AUD, NUD, other SUD (including cannabis) and any SUD | |||
| 2,451 | major depressive disorder ↑ AUD, NUD, and any substance use disorder (including alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis) | |||
| Buckner [15] | 2008 | 816 | social anxiety disorder ↑ AUD and CUD | |
| Buckner [16] | 2009 | 1,204 | social anxiety disorder ↑ AUD in women | |
| Externalizing Behavior | Englund [17] | 2008 | 178 | externalizing ↑ AUD |
| Hayatbakhsh [18] | 2008 | 2,225 | externalizing ↑ CUD | |
| Mills [19] | 2017 | 3,778 | externalizing ↑ CUD | |
| Defoe [20] | 2019 | 364 | conduct problems ↑ CUD | |
| Fergusson [21] | 2007 | 1,265 | conduct problems ↑ cigarette smoking including NUD | |
| Pardini [22] | 2006 | 506 | conduct disorder symptoms and conduct disorder-by-depression interaction ↑ AUD | |
| Pingault [23] | 2013 | 1,804 | inattention ↑ NUD; opposition ↑ NUD, CUD, and cocaine use disorder | |
| Hayatbakhsh [24] | 2008 | 2,429 | attention problems, delinquency, and aggression ↑ AUD, CUD, NUD and other SUD | |
| Guo [25] | 2001 | 808 | misbehavior at school, delinquency, antisocial behavior, being sexually active ↑ AUD | |
| D’Amico [26] | 2005 | 1,986 | deviant behavior ↑ AUD | |
| Bonomo [27] | 2004 | 1,601 | antisocial behavior ↑ AUD | |
| Foulds [28] | 2017 | 1,265 | novelty seeking ↑ AUD, CUD, NUD, and other SUDs | |
| Palmer [29] | 2013 | 2,361 | novelty seeking ↑ AUD, NUD and other SUDs (including CUD) | |
| Mezzich [30] | 2007 | 263 | disinhibition ↑ SUD (not specified) | |
| Tarter [31] | 2004 | 170 | disinhibition ↑ any SUD (excluding nicotine) | |
| Fergusson [64] | 2007 | 1265 | conduct problems ↑ AUD, NUD, CUD and other illicit SUD | |
| Internalizing Symptoms | Huurre [32] | 2010 | 1,471 | depressive symptoms ↑ AUD |
| Jester [33] | 2019 | 504 | internalizing ↑ NUD | |
| Bardone [34] | 1998 | 459 | depressive symptoms ↑ NUD | |
| Personal Substance Use | ||||
| King [35] | 2007 | 375 | illegal drug use ↑ illicit SUDs | |
| Guttmannova [36] | 2011 | 808 | alcohol, marijuana, or other illicit drug use ↑ lifetime AUD or chronicity of AUD | |
| Newton-Howes [38] | 2019 | 1,056 | earlier age of first alcoholic intoxication ↑ AUD, NUD, and CUD | |
| D’Amico [26] | 2005 | 1,986 | heaviness of alcohol use ↑ AUD | |
| Bonomo [27] | 2004 | 1,601 | frequent alcohol use ↑ AUD | |
| Huurre [32] | 2010 | 1,471 | drunkenness oriented drinking and cigarette use ↑ AUD | |
| Guo [39] | 2000 | 808 | earlier and heavier alcohol use ↑ AUD | |
| Mills [19] | 2017 | 3,778 | alcohol and tobacco use ↑ CUD | |
| Prince van Leeuwen [40] | 2014 | 1,108 | earlier onset and continued tobacco use ↑ CUD | |
| Swift [41] | 2008 | 1,520 | cigarette smoking ↑ CUD | |
| Brook [42] | 2007 | 475 | early cigarette use ↑ AUD and other SUDs (illicit drugs) | |
| Strong [43] | 2016 | 1,242 | regular cigarette use ↑ SUD (illicit drugs) | |
| Gil [44] | 2004 | 1,273 | experimentation and regular use of substances ↑ any SUD (excluding nicotine) | |
| Environmental Influences | ||||
| Parental Influences | Mezzich [30] | 2007 | 263 | parental SUD ↑ SUD (substances not specified) |
| Tarter [31] | 2004 | 170 | parental SUD ↑ any SUD (excluding nicotine) | |
| King [35] | 2007 | 375 | parental AUD ↑ AUD and other illicit SUD | |
| Knop [45] | 2007 | 202 | paternal AUD ↑ AUD | |
| Kosty [46] | 2015 | 719 | parental CUD and other SUD (illicit drugs excluding cannabis) ↑ CUD | |
| Chassin [47] | 1999 | 454 | parental AUD ↑ AUD and other SUD (substances not specified) | |
| Newlin [49] | 2000 | 2,301 | stepfather AUD ↑ AUD and any other SUD (excluding alcohol or nicotine) | |
| Yap [50]* | 2017 | 6,456 | parental alcohol use ↑ alcohol misuse (may include AUD) | |
| 5,911 | favorable parental attitudes toward alcohol use ↑ alcohol misuse (may include AUD) | |||
| 3,048 | parental provision of alcohol use ↑ alcohol misuse (may include AUD) | |||
| 22,936 | lack of parent-child relationship quality ↑ alcohol misuse (may include AUD) | |||
| 19,618 | lack of parental involvement ↑ alcohol misuse (may include AUD) | |||
| 15,673 | lack of parental monitoring ↑ alcohol misuse (may include AUD) | |||
| 7561 | Lack of parental support ↑ alcohol misuse (may include AUD) | |||
| Peer Influences | Defoe [20] | 2019 | 364 | peer cannabis use ↑ CUD |
| Fergusson [21] | 2007 | 1,265 | peer smoking ↑ cigarette smoking including NUD | |
| Guo [25] | 2001 | 808 | best friends who use alcohol and antisocial peers ↑ AUD | |
| Prince van Leeuwen [40] | 2014 | 1,108 | peer cannabis use ↑ CUD | |
| Gil [51] | 2002 | 643 | peer substance use and approval of substance use ↑ CUD | |
| Van Ryzin [52] | 2014 | 998 | deviant peers ↑ AUD, NUD, CUD | |
| Socioeconomic Status | Poulton [53] | 2002 | 1,000 | socioeconomic disadvantage ↑ AUD and NUD |
| Ferguesson [21] | 200 | 1,265 | socioeconomic disadvantage ↑ cigarette smoking including NUD | |
| Negative/Traumatic Events | Abajobir [56] | 2017 | 2,526 | any childhood maltreatment (physical and emotional abuse, neglect) ↑ CUD |
| Mills [19] | 2017 | 3,778 | childhood maltreatment ↑ CUD | |
| Newbury [57] | 2017 | 2,232 | childhood maltreatment ↑ AUD and CUD | |
| Neurobiology | ||||
| O’Brien [61] | 2017 | 78 | greater ratio of orbitofrontal-to-amygdala volume ↑ survival time to SUD (including alcohol, nicotine and cannabis) | |
| Cheetham [62] | 2017 | 107 | smaller orbitofrontal cortex volume ↑ AUD or CUD | |
| Hill [63] | 2009 | 133 | lower P300 amplitude ↑ SUD (including alcohol, nicotine and cannabis) | |
Abbreviations: ↑ = increased risk for; AUD = alcohol use disorder; NUD = nicotine use disorder, CUD = cannabis use disorder, SUD = substance use disorder
*
denotes meta-analysis