Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| Baseline characteristic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study design | n studies | ||
| Case reports | 31 | ||
| Case series | 31 | ||
| RCS and PCS | 1 | ||
| Nested CCS | 1 | ||
| Single centre RCS | 3 | ||
| Single centre PCS | 2 | ||
| Multicentre PCS | 3 | ||
| Country | % cases | n cases* | |
| Total | - | 351 | |
| India | 46.7% | 164 | |
| Sri Lanka | 29.1% | 102 | |
| Australia | 12.0% | 42 | |
| Brazil | 3.4% | 12 | |
| Burma | 2.6% | 9 | |
| Nigeria | 2.6% | 9 | |
| United States | 1.1% | 4 | |
| Israel | 0.6% | 2 | |
| United Kingdom | 0.6% | 2 | |
| Thailand | 0.3% | 1 | |
| Switzerland | 0.3% | 1 | |
| Saudi Arabia | 0.3% | 1 | |
| Seriname | 0.3% | 1 | |
| Caribbean | 0.3% | 1 | |
| Snake envenoming | % cases | n cases* | |
| Total cases with snake identified | - | 215 | |
| Hump nosed viper (Hypnale spp) | 25.6% | 55 | |
| Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) | 22.8% | 49 | |
| Viper (species not reported) | 17.7% | 38 | |
| Brown snake (Pseudonaja spp.) | 12.6% | 27 | |
| Bothrops spp. | 6.5% | 14 | |
| Saw scaled viper (Echis carinatus)† | 4.7% | 10 | |
| Taipan (Oxyuranus spp.) | 3.3% | 7 | |
| Tiger snake or tiger group (Notechis spp.) | 1.4% | 3 | |
| Demansia spp. | 1.4% | 3 | |
| Echis coloratus | 0.9% | 2 | |
| Saharan horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) | 0.9% | 2 | |
| Pigmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius) | 0.5% | 1 | |
| Great Lakes bush viper (Atheris nitschei) | 0.5% | 1 | |
| Lowland viper (Proatheris superciliaris) | 0.5% | 1 | |
| Boomslang/South African green tree snake (Dispholidus typus) | 0.5% | 1 | |
| Puff adder (Bitis arietans) | 0.5% | 1 | |
*n cases after merging for duplicate cases.
†Subsequently renamed E. ocellatus, then E. romani. RCS: retrospective cohort study; PCS: prospective cohort study, CCS: case control study