Table 3. Outcomes of AKI, DFS, death and overall survival for studies with a low risk of selection bias reporting intervention with antivenom.
| Outcomes by study | AV n/N (%) | No AV n (%) | Calculated odds ratio | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amaral 1985 [62] | 6 | 0 | |||
| AKI | 6 (100%) | - | 13.0 | 0.1–1680.9 | 0.30 |
| D-AKI | 5/6 (83%) | - | 3.7 | 0.0–274.5 | 0.56 |
| DFS | 3/5 (60%) | - | 0.7 | 0.0–49.7 | 0.88 |
| ESKD | 0/5 | - | 0.1 | 0.0–11.9 | 0.33 |
| Death | 2/5 (40%) | - | 0.7 | 0.0–49.7 | 0.88 |
| Overall survival | 3/6 (50%) | - | 1.0 | 0.0–66.1 | 1.00 |
| Australian Snakebite Project studies [11,14,41,81,85,86,92] | 29 | 1 | |||
| AKI | 25/29 (86%) | 1/1 | 1.9 | 0.1–54.1 | 0.71 |
| D-AKI | 12/25 (48%) | 1/1 | 0.3 | 0.0–8.3 | 0.48 |
| DFS | 12/12 | 1/1 | 8.3 | 0.1–596.1 | 0.33 |
| ESKD | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 0.0–255.6 | 1.00 |
| Death | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 0.0–255.6 | 1.00 |
| Overall survival | 28/29 (97%) | 1/1 | 6.3 | 0.2–231.1 | 0.31 |
| Chugh 1975 [9] | 2 | 0 | |||
| AKI | 2 (100%) | - | 5.0 | 0.0–711.9 | 0.52 |
| D-AKI | 1 (50%) | - | 1.0 | 0.0–92.4 | 1.00 |
| DFS | 0 | - | 0.3 | 0.0–52.6 | 0.67 |
| ESKD | 0 | - | 0.3 | 0.0–52.6 | 0.67 |
| Death | 1 | - | 3.0 | 0.0–473.1 | 0.67 |
| Overall survival | NR | - | - | - | - |
| Mohan 2019 [88] | 28 | 8* | |||
| AKI | 28 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 3.35 | 0.1–182.0 | 0.55 |
| D-AKI | NR | NR | - | - | - |
| DFS | NR | NR | - | - | - |
| ESKD | NR | NR | - | - | - |
| Death | NR | NR | - | - | - |
| Overall survival | 28 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 3.5 | 0.1–182.0 | 0.55 |
| Milani Junior 1997 [87] | 2 | 0 | |||
| AKI | 2 | - | 5.0 | 0.0–711.9 | 0.52 |
| D-AKI | 1/2 (50%) | - | 1.0 | 0.-92.4 | 1.00 |
| DFS | 0 | - | 0.3 | 0.0–52.6 | 0.67 |
| ESKD | 1/1 | - | 3.0 | 0.0–473.1 | 0.67 |
| Outcome | AV n (%) | No AV n (%) | |||
| Death | 0 | - | 0.3 | 0.0–52.7 | 0.33 |
| Overall survival | 1/1 (1 survival NR) | - | - | - | - |
| Namal 2019 [84] | 0 | 29† | |||
| AKI | - | 29 | 0.0 | 0.0–2.1 | 0.10 |
| D-AKI | - | NR | - | - | - |
| DFS | - | NR | - | - | - |
| ESKD | - | NR | - | - | - |
| Death | - | NR | - | - | - |
| Overall survival | - | NR | - | - | - |
| Than-Than 1989 [79] | 2 | 0 | |||
| AKI | 2 | - | 5.0 | 0.0–711.9 | 0.52 |
| D-AKI | 0 | - | 0.2 | 0.0–28.5 | 0.52 |
| DFS | - | - | - | - | - |
| ESKD | - | - | - | - | - |
| Death | - | - | - | - | - |
| Overall survival | 0 | - | 0.2 | 0.0–28.5 | 0.52 |
*Authors stated unreliable data on AV administration for those transferred from other centres.
†Presumed antivenom not given, study of Hypnale envenoming and specific antivenom not available. AV: antivenom; AKI: acute kidney injury; D-AKI: dialysis dependent AKI; DFS: dialysis free survival; ESKD: end stage kidney disease; NR: outcome not reported for AV intervention.