Table 5.
Determinants of being extremely/verya likely to use COVID-19 mHealth interventions based on data from the COVID-19 Impact Survey collected from April to June 2020. The survey is a nationally representative survey of the United States.
| Variable | Installing an app on your phone that asks you questions about your own symptoms and provides recommendations about COVID-19, adjusted PRb (95% CI) | Installing an app on your phone that tracks your location and sends push notifications if you might have been exposed to COVID-19, adjusted PR (95% CI) | Using a website to log your symptoms and location and get recommendations about COVID-19, adjusted PR (95% CI) | |
| Age (years) | ||||
|
|
18-29 | 0.71 (0.59-0.86) | —c,d | 0.74 (0.61-0.91) |
|
|
30-44 | 0.80 (0.70-0.92) | — | 0.90 (0.78-1.03) |
|
|
45-59 | 1.03 (0.90-1.17) | — | 1.02 (0.89-1.16) |
|
|
≥60 | Refe | — | Ref |
| Sex | ||||
|
|
Male | Ref | Ref | Ref |
|
|
Female | 1.12 (1.01-1.24) | 1.12 (1.02-1.23) | 1.11 (1.00-1.23) |
| Education | ||||
|
|
No high school diploma | 1.07 (0.87-1.33) | 0.99 (0.80-1.21) | 0.92 (0.73-1.16) |
|
|
High school graduate | 0.75 (0.65-0.87) | 0.74 (0.64-0.85) | 0.68 (0.59-0.80) |
|
|
Some college | 0.80 (0.71-0.90) | 0.79 (0.71-0.88) | 0.78 (0.70-0.88) |
|
|
Baccalaureate or above | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
|
|
Non-Hispanic White | Ref | Ref | Ref |
|
|
Non-Hispanic Black | 1.58 (1.36-1.83) | 1.32 (1.14-1.53) | 1.67 (1.44-1.93) |
|
|
Hispanic | 1.49 (1.29-1.73) | 1.29 (1.13-1.47) | 1.47 (1.27-1.70) |
|
|
Non-Hispanic Asian | 1.84 (1.47-2.30) | 1.73 (1.43-2.10) | 1.74 (1.39-2.17) |
|
|
Other non-Hispanic race/ethnicity | 1.18 (0.90-1.55) | 1.07 (0.83-1.38) | 1.23 (0.94-1.61) |
| At least 1 COVID-19–related symptomf | 1.13 (1.02-1.25) | 1.19 (1.08-1.31) | —d | |
| At least 1 chronic diseaseg | —d | —d | —d | |
| Region | ||||
|
|
Northeast | Ref | —d | Ref |
|
|
Midwest | 0.84 (0.71-0.99) | — | 0.76 (0.64-0.90) |
|
|
South | 0.97 (0.83-1.13) | — | 0.85 (0.73-0.99) |
|
|
West | 0.83 (0.71-0.98) | — | 0.79 (0.67-0.92) |
| Employed | 0.85 (0.76-0.95) | 0.85 (0.77-0.94) | 0.78 (0.70-0.88) | |
| Uninsured | —d | —d | 0.90 (0.74-1.10) | |
| Household income (US $) | ||||
|
|
<50,000 | 0.96 (0.84-1.10) | 0.82 (0.73-0.93) | 0.86 (0.74-1.00) |
|
|
50,000-100,000 | 0.91 (0.80-1.04) | 0.86 (0.76-0.97) | 0.85 (0.74-0.98) |
|
|
≥100,000 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Residence | ||||
|
|
Rural | 0.95 (0.78-1.17) | 1.04 (0.87-1.25) | 0.98 (0.81-1.19) |
|
|
Suburban | 0.98 (0.85-1.12) | 0.95 (0.83-1.08) | 0.93 (0.80-1.07) |
|
|
Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref |
aRespondents were asked if they were extremely likely, very likely, moderately likely, not too likely, or not at all likely to participate in each mHealth intervention. We categorized those who responded with extremely/very likely to participate as exposed (ie, exposed=1) and those who gave other responses as unexposed (ie, unexposed=0).
bPR: prevalence ratio.
cNot available.
dThe corresponding P value was >.10 for all categories of the variable in unadjusted analyses
eRef: the referent group.
fCOVID-19–related symptoms include fever, chills, runny or stuffy nose, chest congestion, skin rash, cough, sore throat, sneezing, muscle or body aches, headaches, fatigue or tiredness, shortness of breath, abdominal discomfort, nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, changed or lost sense of taste or smell, and loss of appetite.
gChronic disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease/heart attack/stroke, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis or emphysema, cystic fibrosis, liver disease, cancer, a compromised immune system, and overweight/obesity.