Table 4.
Estimates comparing primary use of kerosene for cooking to primary use of solid fuel users for all outcomes*
| Outcome | Kerosene use relative to Solid fuels |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Minimally adjusted** | Full model excluding SES variables*** | Fully adjusted Model**** | |
| Cardiorespiratory Symptoms | |||
| Wheeze | 1.49 (1.25, 1.79) | 1.55 (1.24, 1.93) | 1.49 (1.19, 1.86) |
| Cough or sputum | 1.40 (1.21, 1.63) | 1.45 (1.21, 1.74) | 1.38 (1.14, 1.65) |
| Dyspnea with usual activity | 1.31 (1.14, 1.5) | 1.39 (1.18, 1.65) | 1.33 (1.08, 1.62) |
| Chest pain or tightness with usual activity | 1.17 (1.04, 1.32) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.42) | 1.19 (1.03, 1.39) |
| Blood Pressure | |||
| SBP (mm Hg) | 4.06 (2.87, 5.26) | 2.87 (1.67, 4.07) | 2.69 (1.49, 3.90) |
| DBP (mm (Hg) | 2.51 (1.78, 3.24) | 1.37 (0.64, 2.09) | 1.31 (0.58, 2.04) |
| Hypertension (%) | 1.35 (1.18, 1.55) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.43) | 1.19 (1.02, 1.38) |
| Lung Function | |||
| FEV1, mL | −72.92 (−109.74, −36.1) | −77.48 (−115.66, −39.31) | −70.38 (−108.76, −32) |
| FVC, mL | −54.42 (−96.17, −12.66) | −63.15 (−105.74, −20.57) | −61.18 (−104.06, −18.3) |
| FEV1/FVC | −0.72 (−1.46, 0.02) | −0.59 (−1.34, 0.17) | −0.39 (−1.15, 0.37) |
| FEV1/FVC < 0.7 | 1.37 (1.07, 1.76) | 1.36 (1.03, 1.8) | 1.27 (0.96, 1.70) |
| Events | |||
| All-Cause Mortality | 1.40 (1.19–1.64) | 1.25 (1.07–1.47) | 1.20 (1.01–1.42) |
| Major CVD Events a | 1.66 (1.33–2.07) | 1.46 (1.17–1.83) | 1.45 (1.15–1.83) |
| CVD Death | 1.93 (1.42–2.62) | 1.57 (1.14–2.15) | 1.47 (1.06–2.04) |
| MI Event | 2.00 (1.45–2.77) | 1.66 (1.19–2.32) | 1.68 (1.19–2.37) |
| Stroke Event | 1.47 (1.02–2.12) | 1.39 (0.95–2.02) | 1.36 (0.92–2.00) |
| Major Respiratory Disease b | 1.01 (0.71–1.43) | 1.05 (0.74–1.49) | 1.02 (0.71–1.46) |
| Composite CVD, Respiratory c Disease or Mortality | 1.15 (1.09–1.22) | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) | 1.22 (1.06–1.41) |
Number of samples (kerosene/solid fuel users): Cardiorespiratory Symptoms (n = 2397/ 19852); Blood Pressure (n = 1920/ 20057); Lung Function (n = 1463/ 15901); and Events (n = 2361/ 21458
Minimally adjusted model: Age, sex, urban-rural status, country and center (strata variable)
Full model without SES related variables (education, wealth index, occupation, and % of income spent on food): Basic model + Interheart risk score, smoking, second hand smoke exposure, physical activity, alcohol use, alternative health eating index, BMI, diabetes, baseline CVD, cancer or respiratory disease, current CVD medication, hypertensive status, outdoor PM2.5 exposure.
Fully adjusted model: Basic model + Interheart risk score, smoking, second hand smoke exposure, physical activity, alcohol use, alternative health eating index, BMI, diabetes, baseline CVD, cancer or respiratory disease, current CVD medication, hypertensive status, outdoor PM2.5 exposure, education, income spent on food, occupational class and household wealth index.
Death from cardiovascular causes or non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure. Totals of sub-categories do not add to 1700 as events may be included in CVD death if they were fatal.
Death from respiratory causes, and non-fatal COPD, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung cancer
Any death, non-fatal MI, stroke, HF, TB, COPD, pneumonia, lung cancer.