Table 1.

Categories and limitations of current clinical therapeutic strategies

Therapeutic strategies	Categories	Specific therapies	Limitations
Nonsurgical strategies	Nonpharmacological approaches	Weight management; kinesiotherapy; physiotherapy; self-management and education [15, 16]	Palliative [15, 16]
	Pharmacological treatments	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS); paracetamol; Cox-2 inhibitors; carotenoids and HyA [17, 18]	Severe side-effects (such as injuries to the renal, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems); palliative [17, 18]
Surgical strategies	Arthroscopic techniques	Joint debridement [19]	Nonideal long-term effect and high possibility of relapse [22]
		Total joint arthroplasty [19]	An invasive end-stage treatment [19]
	Bone marrow stimulation	MF [23]	Regenerated tissue is usually fibrous cartilage [23]
	Implantation	ACI [19−21]	Long recovery time and fibrous tissue formation [20, 21]
		Autografts [19]	Limited graft availability [19]
		Allografts [19, 24]	Immunological rejection [19, 24]