Table 3.
Multilayered osteochondral scaffolds
| Authors | Year | Structure |
Preparation | Biomimetic contents | Study | References | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cartilage layer | Intermediate layer | Bone layer | |||||||
| Cell-seeded scaffolds | |||||||||
| Schiavi et al. | 2018 | Alg/HyA hydrogel/hBM-MSCs | PLL/HyA | Alg/HAp/Hydrogel/hBM-MSCs | Spraying alternate layers | Mechanical loading | In vitro | [73] | |
| Cell-free scaffolds | |||||||||
| Levingstone et al. | 2016 | Col I/Col II/HyA | Col I/Col II/HAp | Col I/HAp | Iterative layering | Matrix composition | In vitro/vivo (goat) | [74−76] | |
| Zhang et al. | 2017 | Oriented ACECM | Compact PLGA/TCP | PLGA/TCP/collagen | LDM | Matrix composition; pore size and porosity | In vitro/vivo (goat) | [77] | |
| Liu et al. | 2018 | CH/SF | CH/SF/HyA nanofibrous membrane units | CH/HAp | Iterative layering | Matrix composition; pore size and mechanical properties | In vitro | [78] | |
| Jia et al. | 2018 | Oriented ACECM | Compact PLGA/TCP | PLGA/TCP | TIPS | Matrix composition; pore size; fibril orientation; mechanical properties | In vitro/vivo (goat) | [79] | |
| Liu et al. | 2019 | 15% GelMA | 20%/3% GelMA/nHAp | 30/3% GelMA/nHAp | Extrusion 3DP | Matrix composition; biodegradation rate; porosity | In vitro/vivo (rabbit) | [80] | |
| Korpayev et al. | 2020 | CH/Col II | CH/Col II/nHAp | CH/Col I/nHAp | Iterative layering | Matrix composition; mechanical properties; porosity | In vitro | [81] | |
Alg, alginate; HyA, hyaluronic acid; hBM-MSCs, human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PLL, poly-l-lysine; HAp, hydroxyapatite; ACECM, articular cartilage extracellular matrix; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); TCP, tricalcium phosphate; CH, chitosan; LDM, low-temperature deposition manufacturing; SF, silk fibroin; TIPS, thermal-induced phase separation; GelMA, gelatine methacrylate; nHAp, nano-hydroxyapatite; 3DP, 3D printing.