Table:

Recommendations for future exposure measurement and outcome assessment

Exposure assessment	Outcome assessment
Consider duration of outage as a risk factor Incorporate location of power outage (e.g., temperate versus cold climate) Link outage and health data in space and time Use tools from digital epidemiology: remote sensing, internet-connected devices, social media to characterize power outages Account for co-exposures: physical hazards, psychosocial hazards, loss of property, etc.	Include both short- and long-term effects Expand studies to include perinatal health, mental health, and outcomes among those with chronic illness Consider susceptible populations including people of color, children, older adults, and those of lower socioeconomic status or with co-morbidities Use large insurance databases or electronic health records to study large populations