Figure 5.

ATE1 regulates a variety of biological processes across all eukaryotic organisms. In yeast (pink circle), ATE1 has a clear link to environmental stress. In plants (yellow circle), the lack of ATE1 affects germination, development, and senescence. In mammals (blue circle), the fidelity of post-translational arginylation is linked to general cellular homeostasis, with studies having demonstrated ATE1’s involvement in cardiovascular development, neurological functioning, the stress response, motility, muscle contraction, and cellular regeneration. Proteins that have been shown, or are surmised, to be arginylated by ATE1 are indicated in italics.