Table 1.
Comparison of Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Migraineurs and Choices of Anti-Migraine Drug Therapy in Patients with Brugada Syndrome/Drug-Induced Type 1 Brugada ECG Pattern and Conrol Group
| Patients with BrS/DI-Type 1 BrP | Control Group | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | (n=156) | (n=112) | P-value |
| Demographic and Clinical Characteristics | |||
| - Age (years): | 43.9±12 | 46±12.9 | 0.174 |
| - Age-at-onset of migraine (years): | 21.2±10.3 | 26.5±10.3 | 9.0×10−5 |
| - Sex (Female) (%): | 55.1 | 73.2 | 0.003 |
| - Pediatric migraine (%): | 47.3 | 23.6 | 1.3×10−4 |
| - Frequency of migraine (days/month): | 5 (Median-/Range 1 to 30) | 3 (Median-/Range 1 to 30) | 0.007 |
| - Duration of migraine: | |||
| - 4–12 hours/12–24 hours/Days (%): | 36.9/26.2/36.9 | 39/33.3/27.6 | 0.251 |
| - Intensity of migraine (VAS): | 4 (Median-/Range 2 to 5) | 3.5 (Median-/Range 2.5 to 5) | 0.224 |
| - Chronic migraine: | |||
| - ICHD-3 criteria (%): | 19.6 | 10.5 | 0.054 |
| - Proposed new diagnostic criteria (%): | 33.1 | 20 | 0.023 |
| - Triggers of migraine: | |||
| - Emotional stress (%): | 50.3 | 32.4 | 0.005 |
| - Skipping meals (%): | 31.3 | 18.1 | 0.018 |
| - Menstruation (%): | 26.8 | 34.2 | 0.311 |
| - Seasonal factors (%): | 20.4 | 9.5 | 0.020 |
| - Lack of sleep (%): | 32.7 | 24.8 | 0.175 |
| - Others (%): | 17.7 | 8.6 | 0.039 |
| - Accompanying symptoms: | |||
| - Photophobia (%): | 81.6 | 78.1 | 0.488 |
| - Phonophobia (%): | 85 | 89.5 | 0.298 |
| - Nausea (%): | 67.3 | 72.4 | 0.392 |
| - Vomitting (%): | 30.6 | 30.5 | 0.982 |
| - Osmophobia (%): | 35.4 | 30.5 | 0.416 |
| - Kinesiophobia (%): | 76.2 | 74.3 | 0.729 |
| - Aura symptoms: | |||
| - Visual aura (%): | 56.1 | 32.4 | 2.0×10−4 |
| - Sensory aura (%): | 36.7 | 27.6 | 0.129 |
| - Retinal aura (%): | 0.064 | 0 | 1.0 |
| - Vestibular migraine (%): | 14.9 | 2.9 | 0.002 |
| - Familial migraine (%): | 91 | 66.4 | 6.3×10−7 |
| - Number of first degree family members with migraine: | 2 (Median-/Range 0 to 8) | 1 (Median-/Range 0 to 9) | 3.9×10−7 |
| - Induction of migraine headache during ACT (%): | 7.9 | 0.9 | 0.010 |
| - History of neurology consultation (%): | 64.9 | 61 | 0.525 |
| - History of neuroimaging (%): | 50.7 | 49.5 | 0.857 |
| Anti-Migraine Drugs | |||
| - Ergot Alkaloids (%): | 21.5 | 21.7 | 0.966 |
| - Triptans (%): | 10.7 | 8.5 | 0.552 |
| - Tricyclic Antidepressants (%): | 4.0 | 3.8 | 0.918 |
| - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (%): | 8.7 | 4.7 | 0.218 |
| - Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (%): | 4.0 | 2.8 | 0.617 |
| - Anti-Epileptics (%): | 5.3 | 0 | 0.022 |
| - Flunarizine (%): | 0.7 | 2.8 | 0.311 |
| - Beta-Blockers (Metoprolol/Propranolol) (%): | 2.7 | 0.9 | 0.406 |
| - Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (%): | 73.2 | 62.3 | 0.065 |
| - Acetaminophen (%): | 83.9 | 69.8 | 0.007 |
Data are given as mean ± SD, number of patients and percentages. ACT = Ajmaline challenge test, BrS = Brugada syndrome, DI-Type 1 BrP = Drug-Induced Type 1 Brugada ECG pattern, ICHD = International classification of headache disorders, VAS = Visual analog scale.