Fig. 3.

Evolutionary scenario of African yam origins. (A) Haplotype network of the whole plastid genomes of 416 D. rotundata (including the triploid accessions), 68 wild relatives, and two D. alata accessions as the outgroup. The number of vertical dashes represents the number of mutations. Western (Nigerian, Beninese, and Ghanaian) D. praehensilis and D. rotundata seem to have diverged from Nigerian and Beninese D. abyssinica. (B) Possible scenario of domestication of Guinea yam. The blue line represents paternal origin, and the red line represents maternal origin. (C) Changes in population sizes of D. rotundata and its wild relatives as inferred by ∂a∂i (15). The parameters except population size were identical to those used in Fig. 2C. After the domestication of D. rotundata, the population size of D. rotundata has increased with migration from the wild progenitors.