Table 1.
Demographics, clinical characteristics, and psychiatric medication for study participants
| MDD (n = 30) | BD (n = 30) | HC (n = 30) | Statistics | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 54.0 ± 12.4 | 50.8 ± 14.9 | 52.2 ± 15.3 | F = 0.371 | .691 |
| Gender (male/female, n) | 11/19 | 15/15 | 13/17 | χ 2 = 1.086 | .581 |
| BDI‐Ⅱ | 9.5 ± 7.5 | 9.4 ± 7.8 | 7.5 ± 6.3 | F = 0.735 | .482 |
| ASRM | 1.5 ± 1.7 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 2.5 | F = 1.166 | .316 |
| HRSD | 3.0 ± 2.1 | 3.8 ± 3.1 | t = 1.229 | .224 | |
| YMRS | 0.8 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 1.8 | t = 1.592 | .117 | |
| Duration of illness, yr | 8.6 ± 9.8 | 19.7 ± 14.3 | t = 3.946 | <.001 | |
| Number of depressive episodes | 3.2 ± 4.2 | 8.9 ± 7.8 | t = 3.555 | <0.001 | |
| Estimated IQ | 105.7 ± 9.2 | 105.8 ± 11.0 | 106.1 ± 7.9 | F = 0.016 | .984 |
| Lithium, % (n) | 13.3 (4) | 76.7 (23) | |||
| Antidepressant, % (n) | 93.3 (28) | 33.4 (10) | |||
| Anticonvulsant, % (n) | 0 (0) | 63.3 (19) | |||
| Antipsychotic, % (n) | 13.3 (4) | 33.4 (10) | |||
| Benzodiazepine, % (n) | 70.0 (21) | 40.0 (12) |
Abbreviations: ASRM, Altman Self Rating Mania Scale; BD, bipolar disorder; BDI‐Ⅱ, Beck Depression Inventory‐Ⅱ; HC, healthy control; HRSD, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; MDD, major depressive disorder; n, number; SD, standard deviation; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; yr, year.