Table 2.
The result of ANCOVAs for the raw score of neurocognitive assessment between the three groups
| MDD (n = 30) | BD (n = 30) | HC (n = 30) | F | p | Post hoc | Effects of covariates (t, p) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Gender | Duration of illness | Number of depressed episodes | ||||||||
| RTI | Five‐choice reaction time (ms) | 316.5 ± 48.7 | 318.7 ± 51.6 | 284.8 ± 35.5 | 8.549 | .000 | HC < MDD, BD | 4.207, .000 | −0.757, .451 | −3.231, .002 | −0.327, .745 |
| Five‐choice movement time (ms) | 280.5 ± 73.9 | 262.8 ± 57.7 | 244.4 ± 80.0 | 3.809 | .026 | n.s. | 3.114, .003 | −0.539, .591 | −2.434, .017 | −0.743, .460 | |
| RVP | A′ | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 0.88 ± 0.05 | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 4.007 | .022 | MDD, HC > BD | −3.542, .001 | −2.343, .021 | −0.384, .702 | 0.623, .535 |
| Median response latency (ms) | 542.6 ± 125.0 | 536.8 ± 140.2 | 481.9 ± 85.6 | 1.315 | .274 | 5.232, .000 | 1.270, .208 | −0.202, .841 | 0.762, .449 | ||
| IED | Total errors adjusted | 15.3 ± 14.1 | 35.3 ± 37.9 | 12.8 ± 11.0 | 5.429 | .006 | MDD, HC < BD | 3.387, .001 | 1.333, .186 | −1.227, .223 | 0.589, .558 |
| Stages completed | 8.2 ± 1.0 | 8.0 ± 1.4 | 8.2 ± 1.0 | 1.519 | .225 | −3.658, .000 | −1.540, .127 | 0.193, .160 | 0.193, .847 | ||
| SWM | Between‐errors | 35.7 ± 23.2 | 42.4 ± 22.4 | 30.0 ± 20.0 | 0.125 | .882 | 3.796, .000 | 3.506, .001 | −0.062, .950 | 3.231, .002 | |
| Strategy | 33.1 ± 6.6 | 36.5 ± 5.2 | 34.0 ± 5.3 | 3.402 | .038 | n.s. | 4.776, .000 | 3.468, .001 | 1.633, .106 | 3.144, .002 | |
Abbreviations: ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; BD, bipolar disorder; HC, healthy control; IED, intra/extradimensional shift task; MDD, major depressive disorder; ms, milliseconds; n, number; n.s., not significant; RTI, reaction time; RVP, rapid visual processing; SD, standard deviation; SWM, spatial working memory; yr, year.