Table 1.

Additional endocrine molecules that mediate food intake

Hormone	Source	Signalling mechanism(s)
Cholecystokinin (CCK)	Enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum and jejunum	Peripheral vagal afferent receptors and transmission of signals to nucleus of the solitary tract; Melanocortin system 198
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP1)	L cells of distal small and large intestine	nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; glucose regulation 199 , 200
Peptide YY (PYY)	endocrine L cells of the gut	Hypothalamic melanocortin system*; Aversive response; protein‐dependent satiety 201 , 202
Glucocorticoids	Adrenal gland	Unclear, but potentially permissive in the orexigenic effect of AgRP in the hypothalamus 203 , 204
Insulin	Endocrine pancreas	Hypothalamic melanocortin system 205 , 206