Table 8.

Performance assessments of existing techniques on the DRIVE and STARE datasets.

Method	Year	DRIVE				STARE
		Acc	Sn	Sp	AUC	Acc	Sn	Sp	AUC
Human observer		0.947	0.779	0.972	0.874	0.935	0.895	0.938	0.917
Unsupervised techniques
Chauduri [31]	1989	0.877	—	—	0.788	—	—	—	—
Zana and Klein [42]	2001	0.938	0.697	—	—	—	—	—	—
Martinez-Perez [45]	2007	0.934	0.725	0.965	0.845	0.941	0.751	0.955	0.853
Zhang [27]	2010	0.938	—	—	—	0.948	—	—	—
Bankhead [38]	2012	0.937	0.703	0.971	0.837	0.932	0.758	0.950	0.854
Fraz [44]	2012	0.943	0.715	0.976	0.845	0.944	0.731	0.968	0.850
Azzopardi [5]	2015	0.944	0.766	0.970	0.868	0.950	0.772	0.970	0.871
Oliveira [33]	2016	0.946	0.864	0.956	0.910	0.953	0.825	0.965	0.895
Khan [40]	2016	0.961	0.746	0.980	0.863	0.946	0.758	0.963	0.861
Biswal [29]	2017	0.950	0.710	0.970	0.840	0.950	0.700	0.970	0.835
Khan [32]	2017	0.944	0.754	0.964	0.859	0.948	0.752	0.956	0.854
Soomro [63]	2017	0.943	0.752	0.976	0.864	0.961	0.784	0.981	0.883
Badawi [3]	2018	0.955	0.791	0.971	0.881	0.953	0.865	0.961	0.913
Yue [50]	2018	0.945	0.753	0.973	0.863	—	—	—	—
Soomro [9]	2018	0.948	0.745	0.962	0.854	0.951	0.784	0.976	0.880
Soomro [64]	2018	0.953	0.752	0.976	0.864	0.967	0.786	0.982	0.884
Fan [60]	2018	0.960	0.736	0.981	0.858	0.957	0.791	0.970	0.880
Khan [65]	2019	0.951	0.770	0.965	0.868	0.951	0.752	0.981	0.867
Memari [59]	2019	0.961	0.761	0.981	0.871	0.951	0.782	0.965	0.873
Proposed	2020	0.958	0.797	0.973	0.885	0.996	0.792	0.998	0.895
Supervised techniques
Niemeijer [11]	2004	0.942	0.690	0.970	0.830	—	—	—	—
Staal [12]	2004	0.944	0.719	0.977	0.848	0.952	0.697	0.981	0.839
Ricci [14]	2007	0.959	—	—	—	0.964	—	—	—
Lupascu [15]	2010	0.959	0.673	0.987	0.830	—	—	—	—
Marín [13]	2011	0.945	0.707	0.980	0.844	0.953	0.694	0.982	0.838
Wang [16]	2015	0.977	0.817	0.973	0.895	0.981	0.810	0.979	0.894
Roychowdhury [17]	2015	0.952	0.725	0.983	0.854	0.951	0.772	0.973	0.873
Aslani [20]	2016	0.951	0.754	0.980	0.867	0.961	0.755	0.983	0.869
Zhu [18]	2017	0.961	0.714	0.987	0.851	—	—	—	—
Thangaraj [22]	2017	0.961	0.801	0.975	0.888	0.943	0.834	0.954	0.893
Memari [23]	2017	0.972	0.872	0.988	0.930	0.951	0.809	0.979	0.894
Dharmawan [21]	2018	—	0.831	0.972	0.902	—	0.792	0.983	0.887
Yan [24]	2018	0.954	0.763	0.982	0.873	0.964	0.774	0.986	0.880
Guo [25]	2019	0.955	0.780	0.981	0.881	0.966	0.820	0.983	0.902
Khowaja [26]	2019	0.975	0.818	0.971	0.895	0.975	0.824	0.975	0.899
Soomro [8]	2019	0.959	0.802	0.974	0.948	0.961	0.801	0.969	0.945
Soomro [62]	2019	0.956	0.870	0.985	0.986	0.968	0.848	0.986	0.988
Fan [61]	2019	0.966	0.796	0.982	0.889	0.974	0.816	0.987	0.901