Table 2.
Clinical trials of SARS, MERS and COVID-19 vaccines
| Platform | Vaccine | Group | Status | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS Vaccine Clinical Trials | |||||
| Inactivated virus | Inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine (ISCV) | Sinovac | Phase I, completed |
Lin et al. (2007) [110] No NCT ID |
|
| DNA vaccine | VRC-SRSDNA015-00-VP | NIAID | Phase I, completed |
Martin et al. (2008) [65] |
|
| MERS Vaccine Clinical Trials | |||||
| DNA vaccine | GLS-5300 (INO-4700) | GeneOne Life Science/Inovio Pharmaceuticals/International Vaccine Institute | Phase I, completed |
Modjarrad et al. (2019) [69] |
|
| DNA vaccine | GLS-5300 (INO-4700) |
GeneOne Life Science/Inovio Pharmaceuticals/ International Vaccine Institute |
Phase I/IIa, completed | NCT03721718 | |
| Viral vector vaccine | MVA-MERS-S | CTC North GmbH & Co. KG | Phase I, completed |
Koch et al. (2020) [102] |
|
| Viral vector vaccine | MVA-MERS-S_DF1 | CTC North GmbH & Co. KG | Phase Ib, not yet recruiting | NCT04119440 | |
| Viral vector vaccine | ChAdOx1 MERS | University of Oxford | Phase I, recruiting |
Folegatti et al. (2020) [98] |
|
| Viral vector vaccine | ChAdOx1 MERS | King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/University of Oxford | Phase I, recruiting | NCT04170829 | |
| Viral vector vaccine | BVRS-GamVac-Combi | Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology/Acellena Contract Drug Research and Development | Phase I/II, recruiting | NCT04128059 | |
| Viral vector vaccine | BVRS-GamVac | Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology | Phase I/II, recruiting | NCT04130594 | |
| Platform | Vaccine | Vaccine type | Group | Status | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Trials | |||||
| Protein subunit | NVX-CoV2373 | SARS-CoV-2 rS/Matrix-M1 Adjuvant | Novavax | Phase III |
Keech et al. (2020) [132] 2020-004123-16 |
| RNA | mRNA-1273 | LNP-encapsulated mRNA | Moderna/NIAID | Phase III |
Jackson et al. (2020) [140] Anderson et al. (2020) [141] |
| RNA |
BNT162b1 BNT162b2 |
LNP-mRNAs | BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer | Phase III |
Mulligan et al. (2020) [144] Sahin et al. (2020) [145] Walsh et al. (2020) [146] |
| Viral vector | AZD1222 | ChAdOx1-S | University of Oxford/AstraZeneca | Phase III |
Folegatti et al. (2020) [99] ISRCTN89951424 CTRI/2020/08/027170 |
| Viral vector | Ad5-nCoV | Adenovirus Type 5 | CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | Phase III |
Zhu et al. (2020) [92] Zhu et al. (2020) [93] |
| Viral vector | Gam-COVID-Vac | Adeno-based (rAd26-S + rAd5-S) | Gamaleya Research Institute | Phase III |
Logunov et al. (2020) [151] |
| Viral vector | Ad26.COV2.S | Adeno-based | Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies | Phase III | NCT04505722 |
| Inactivated virus | Adsorbed COVID-19 (inactivated) Vaccine | inactivated | Sinovac | Phase III |
669/UN6.KEP/EC/2020 |
| Inactivated virus | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell) | Inactivated | Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm | Phase III |
Xia et al. (2020) [154] ChiCTR2000034780 ChiCTR2000039000 |
| Inactivated virus | BBIBP-CorV | Inactivated | Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm | Phase III |
Xia et al. (2020) [156] ChiCTR2000034780 NCT04560881 |
| Protein subunit | Recombinant new coronavirus vaccine (CHO cell) | Adjuvanted recombinant RBD-Dimer | Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Phase II | NCT04466085 |
| RNA | CVnCoV | mRNA | Curevac | Phase II | NCT04515147 |
| Protein subunit | KBP-COVID-19 | S protein RBD-based | Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc | Phase I/II | NCT04473690 |
| Protein subunit | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | Adjuvanted S protein | Sanofi Pasteur/GSK | Phase I/II | NCT04537208 |
| RNA | ARCT-021 | mRNA | Arcturus/Duke-NUS | Phase I/II | NCT04480957 |
| DNA | INO-4800 | DNA plasmid with electroporation | Inovio Pharmaceuticals/International Vaccine Institute | Phase I/II | |
| DNA | AG0301-COVID19 | Adjuvanted DNA plasmid | Osaka University/AnGes/Takara Bio | Phase I/II | |
| DNA | nCov Vaccine | DNA plasmid | Cadila Healthcare Limited | Phase I/II | CTRI/2020/07/026352 |
| DNA | GX-19 | DNA Vaccine | Genexine Consortium | Phase I/II | NCT04445389 |
| Inactivated |
BBV152A BBV152B BBV152C |
Inactivated | Bharat Biotech | Phase I/II |
CTRI/2020/09/027674 |
| Inactivated | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine | Inactivated | Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | Phase I/II | NCT04470609 |
| Inactivated | QazCovid-in | Inactivated | Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan | Phase I/II | NCT04530357 |
| VLP | RBD SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg VLP | RBD-HBsAg VLPs | SpyBiotech/Serum Institute of India | Phase I/II | ACTRN12620000817943 |
| Protein subunit | SCB-2019 | Adjuvanted S protein | Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK/Dynavax | Phase I | NCT04405908 |
| Protein subunit | COVAX-19 | S protein with Advax-SM adjuvant | Vaxine Pty Ltd/Medytox | Phase I | NCT04453852 |
| Protein subunit | SARS-CoV-2 Sclamp vaccine | Molecular clamp stabilized S protein with MF59 adjuvant | University of Queensland/CSL/Seqirus | Phase I |
ACTRN12620000674932p ISRCTN51232965 |
| Protein subunit | MVC-COV1901 | S-2P protein + CpG 1018 | Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation/NIAID/Dynavax | Phase I | NCT04487210 |
| Protein subunit | Soberana 01 | S protein RBD with Adjuvant | Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba | Phase I | IFV/COR/04 |
| Protein subunit | EpiVacCorona | Adjuvanted peptide antigen | FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo | Phase I | NCT04527575 |
| Protein subunit | Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | S protein RBD (Sf9 cells) | West China Hospital, Sichuan University | Phase I | ChiCTR2000037518 |
| Protein subunit | IMP (CoVac-1) | Multipeptide cocktail of SARS-CoV-2 HLA-DR peptides | University Hospital Tuebingen | Phase I | NCT04546841 |
| Protein subunit | UB-612 | S1-RBD-protein | COVAXX | Phase I | NCT04545749 |
| RNA | LNP-nCoVsaRNA | self-amplifying ribonucleic acid (saRNA) encoding S protein | Imperial College London | Phase I | ISRCTN17072692 |
| RNA | SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine | mRNA encoding S protein RBD | People's Liberation Army (PLA) Academy of Military Sciences/Walvax Biotech | Phase I | ChiCTR2000034112 |
| Viral vector | hAd5-S-Fusion + N-ETSD vaccine | hAd5 Spike (S) + Nucleocapsid (N) | ImmunityBio, Inc. & NantKwest Inc | Phase I | NCT04591717 |
| Viral vector | GRAd-COV2 | Replication defective Simian Adenovirus (GRAd) | ReiThera/LEUKOCARE/Univercells | Phase I | NCT04528641 |
| Viral vector | Ad5-nCoV | Ad5-based | CanSino Biological Inc/Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China | Phase I | NCT04552366 |
| Viral vector | VXA-CoV2-1 | dsRNA-adjuvanted Ad5 | Vaxart | Phase I | NCT04563702 |
| Viral vector | MVA-SARS-2-S | MVA + spike protein (S) | Ludwig-Maximilians - University of Munich | Phase I | NCT04569383 |
| Viral vector | V590 | VSV + S protein | Merck Sharp & Dohme/IAVI | Phase I | NCT04569786 |
| Viral vector | TMV-083 | Measles-vector based | Institute Pasteur/Themis/Univ. of Pittsburg CVR/Merck Sharp & Dohme | Phase I | NCT04497298 |
| Viral vector | DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT1 | Intranasal flu-based-RBD | Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy/Xiamen University | Phase I | ChiCTR2000037782 |
| Inactivated | inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine | Inactivated | Beijing Minhai Biotechnology | Phase I | ChiCTR2000038804 |
| VLP | Recombinant Coronavirus-Like Particle COVID 19 Vaccine | CpG 1018- or AS03-adjuvanted Plant-derived VLP | Medicago Inc | Phase I | NCT04450004 |