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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Oct 27;91:418–428. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.022

Figure 6. Effects of immunomodulators on allodynia in a putative model of GWI pain.

Figure 6.

Corticosterone (CORT) or vehicle was administered via the drinking water for 7 days to mimic high physiological stress. On the final day of CORT treatment, a single dose of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) or vehicle was administered. Seven days later, rats received a single injection of normal (pH = 7.2) or acidic saline (pH = 4.0) into the left gastrocnemius muscle. Allodynia was attenuated by (A) treatment with the macrophage/microglia inhibitor minocycline (50 mg/kg once per day), beginning on day 5 and concluding on day 12 (indicated by the gray rectangle), (B) the TLR4 inhibitor (+)-naltrexone (6 mg/kg three times per day), beginning on day 5 and concluding on day 12 (indicated by the gray rectangle), and (C) IL-10 gene therapy (3 μg of plasmid DNA with 25 μg D-mannose), intrathecally administered on day 3 (indicated by the arrow). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. N = 6–8/group. Data are mean ± SD.