Table 1. Fasting blood glucose variability association with cardiovascular risks and diabetes mellitus development .

RCT: randomized controlled trial, FPG: fasting plasma glucose test, DM: diabetes mellitus, FBG: fasting blood glucose, MI: myocardial infarction, T2D: type 2 diabetes, TIA: transient ischemic attack, CV: cardiovascular

Author	Year	Country	Type of study	No of patients	result
Hirakawa et al. [13]	2014	Australia	RCT	4,399 patients followed for 24 months	Glucose variability was associated with vascular damage and death
Jin et al. [8]	2017	China	Prospective	68,297 followed for 4 years	An increasing rate of FBG predicted future risk of MI.
Wang et al. [9]	2017	China	Longitudinal cohort	53 607 followed for 4.93 years	PG variability linked to mortality and cardiovascular disease irrespective of FPG
Yoon et al. [14]	2017	Korea	Prospective cohort	674 TIA and stroke (3 months)	The initial glycemic variability might increase CV events in acute ischemic stroke patients with diabetes
Cardoso et al. [10]	2018	Brazil	A prospective cohort	654 patients followed for 9.3 years	Glucose variability predicted both micro and macrovascular complications
Echouffo-Tcheugui et al. [12]	2019	USA	Prospective cohort	4982 followed for five years	visit-to-visit variability in FPG was associated with increased mortality
Zhou et al. [11]	2019	USA	RCT	1791 followed for 84 months	Fasting glucose variability was linked to mortality after controlling for hypoglycemia and lifestyle