Table 2.
Body weight, intakes of nutrients, dietary GI and dietary GL at 0-mo and at 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-mo after the initiation of the dietary intervention in the HPLG and MPMG groups (intention-to-treat analysis population, n = 161)a.
|
Measure and Group |
0-mo | 6-mo | 12-mo | 24-mo | 36-mo | P-value for Fixed Effectsd | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Time |
Group by Time |
||||||
| Weight, kg | ||||||||
| HPLGb | 99.1 (18.6) | 87.1 (85.9, 88.3) | 89.4 (87.7, 91.1) | 93.0 (91.1, 94.9) | 93.7 (92.0, 95.4) | 0.91 | <0.001 | 0.63 |
| MPMGc | 102.2 (21.7) | 87.3 (86.0, 88.6) | 89.9 (88.1, 91.7) | 92.6 (90.5, 94.7) | 93.8 (92.0, 95.6) | |||
| Energy, kJ/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 9,296 (2,478) | 6,872 (6,523, 7,221) | 7,230 (6,832, 7,629) | 7,274 (6,749, 7,799) | 7,127 (6,685, 7,569) | 0.84 | 0.11 | 0.96 |
| MPMG | 9,145 (2,472) | 6,921 (6,550, 7,292) | 7,167 (6,731, 7,602) | 7,143 (6,579, 7,708) | 7,078 (6,618, 7,539) | |||
| Protein, en% | ||||||||
| HPLG | 19.5 (3.5) | 25.2 (24.2, 26.2) | 23.4 (22.5, 24.2) | 23.4 (22.4, 24.5) | 23.3 (22.1, 24.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.48 |
| MPMG | 19.7 (4.7) | 22.0 (21.0, 23.1) | 20.6 (19.5, 21.6) | 21.1 (19.9, 22.2) | 21.7 (20.4, 23.1) | |||
| Protein, g/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 104.8 (30.3) | 101.3 (96.6, 105.9) | 98.1 (93.1, 103.1) | 97.2 (91.9, 102.6) | 95.7 (89.7, 101.7) | <0.001 | 0.28 | 0.53 |
| MPMG | 104.0 (35.9) | 88.3 (83.4, 93.2) | 85.7 (80.3, 91.2) | 86.6 (80.9, 92.3) | 89.0 (82.7, 95.3) | |||
| CHO, en% | ||||||||
| HPLG | 40.3 (7.0) | 36.8 (35.4, 38.3) | 37.1 (35.8, 38.4) | 36.3 (34.6, 37.9) | 36.7 (34.8, 38.7) | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.12 |
| MPMG | 40.2 (7.2) | 42.4 (40.9, 44.0) | 41.6 (40.1, 43.1) | 40.2 (38.4, 42.0) | 38.3 (36.3, 40.3) | |||
| CHO, g/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 218.6 (68.6) | 147.7 (137.3, 158.1) | 156.3 (146.2, 166.4) | 151.5 (140.2, 162.8) | 153.2 (141.0, 165.5) | 0.009 | 0.21 | 0.22 |
| MPMG | 216.4 (72.4) | 173.1 (162.0, 184.3) | 174.0 (162.0, 184.3) | 167.1 (155.0, 179.3) | 157.5 (144.8, 170.2) | |||
| Fat, en% | ||||||||
| HPLG | 34.3 (5.7) | 31.0 (29.5, 32.5) | 33.1 (31.6, 34.7) | 33.4 (31.8, 35.1) | 33.5 (31.7, 35.3) | 0.97 | <0.001 | 0.55 |
| MPMG | 34.9 (6.3) | 30.4 (28.8, 32.0) | 32.6 (30.9, 34.3) | 33.1 (31.4, 34.9) | 34.8 (33.0, 36.7) | |||
| Saturated fat, en% | ||||||||
| HPLG | 11.9 (2.8) | 10.1 (9.4, 10.8) | 10.5 (9.8, 11.2) | 10.8 (10.1, 11.6) | 10.9 (10.0, 11.7) | 0.84 | 0.01 | 0.55 |
| MPMG | 12.6 (3.0) | 9.9 (9.2, 10.6) | 10.5 (9.7, 11.3) | 10.6 (9.8, 11.5) | 11.6 (10.7, 12.5) | |||
| Starch, g/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 127.0 (45.0) | 76.4 (69.3, 83.4) | 83.8 (77.1, 90.5) | 80.5 (72.9, 88.2) | 83.3 (74.8, 91.8) | <0.001 | 0.27 | 0.12 |
| MPMG | 122.8 (46.7) | 100.3 (92.8, 107.8) | 100.7 (93.4, 108.1) | 97.7 (89.4, 105.9) | 90.0 (81.4, 105.9) | |||
| Sugars, g/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 89.0 (36.1) | 69.4 (63.5, 75.3) | 70.8 (65.4, 76.1) | 68.7 (63.1, 74.2) | 67.8 (60.9, 74.7) | 0.82 | 0.34 | 0.89 |
| MPMG | 91.4 (36.6) | 72.3 (66.0, 78.7) | 72.4 (66.6, 78.3) | 68.3 (62.3, 74.2) | 66.6 (59.5, 73.8) | |||
| Dietary fiber, g/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 26.7 (7.7) | 26.7 (24.9, 28.5) | 28.8 (26.9, 30.8) | 25.2 (23.3, 26.9) | 26.4 (24.8, 28.0) | 0.53 | <0.001 | 0.02 |
| MPMG | 26.0 (7.4) | 27.1 (25.2, 29.0) | 27.3 (25.2, 29.5) | 26.0 (24.2, 27.8) | 24.1 (22.4, 25.9) | |||
| Dietary GI | ||||||||
| HPLG | 54.1 (5.1) | 47.1 (45.9, 48.3) | 48.9 (47.8, 50.0) | 49.4 (48.3, 50.4) | 49.4 (47.9, 50.8) | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.10 |
| MPMG | 54.3 (4.5) | 53.3 (52.0, 54.7) | 52.7 (51.4, 53.9) | 54.1 (53.0, 55.2) | 53.2 (51.6, 54.7) | |||
| Dietary GL | ||||||||
| HPLG | 119.1 (42.3) | 70.7 (64.7, 76.7) | 76.6 (70.8, 82.3) | 74.8 (68.6, 81.0) | 76.9 (69.5, 84.3) | <0.001 | 0.49 | 0.07 |
| MPMG | 118.4 (45.0) | 92.6 (86.2, 99.0) | 91.7 (85.4, 97.9) | 90.7 (84.1, 97.4) | 83.7 (76.1, 91.3) | |||
| Cholesterol, mg/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 381.5 (178.5) | 350.2 (322.8, 377.5)** | 315.9 (286.3, 345.5)* | 337.3 (296.2, 278.4)* | 320.2 (282.2, 358.2)* | 0.001 | 0.34 | 0.001 |
| MPMG | 363.3 (172.1) | 225.8 (196.7, 254.8)** | 264.9 (232.4, 297.4)* | 282.1 (238.1, 326.1)* | 294.8 (254.6, 335.0)* | |||
| MUFAs, g/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 34.4 (13.0) | 22.9 (20.9, 24.9) | 26.9 (24.6, 29.2) | 26.5 (24.1, 29.0) | 26.3 (23.6, 29.1) | 0.96 | <0.001 | 0.58 |
| MPMG | 33.5 (12.7) | 23.0 (20.9, 25.1) | 25.5 (23.0, 28.0) | 26.5 (23.9, 29.2) | 27.9 (25.0, 30.9) | |||
| PUFAs, g/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 14.6 (5.4) | 11.4 (10.4, 12.5) | 12.0 (10.8, 13.2) | 11.6 (10.5, 12.7) | 11.3 (10.2, 12.3) | 0.91 | 0.04 | 0.21 |
| MPMG | 14.2 (6.1) | 10.3 (9.1, 11.4) | 12.0 (10.7, 13.4) | 12.1 (11.0, 13.3) | 11.6 (10.5, 12.8) | |||
| LC n-3 PUFA, mg/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 436.9 (491.8) | 647.2 (506.9, 787.5) | 521.8 (398.2, 645.3) | 553.9 (403.0, 704.9) | 418.0 (271.3, 564.7) | 0.08 | 0.52 | 0.11 |
| MPMG | 393.1 (490.0) | 404.9 (255.5, 554.2) | 425.8 (289.7, 561.9) | 372.7 (209.9, 535.4) | 442.6 (287.6, 597.4) | |||
| LA, g/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 11.9 (4.7) | 8.6 (7.8, 9.5) | 9.4 (8.3, 10.4) | 9.2 (8.2, 10.2) | 9.0 (8.1, 9.9) | 0.53 | 0.01 | 0.59 |
| MPMG | 11.5 (5.0) | 8.3 (7.4, 9.2) | 9.8 (8.7, 10.9) | 9.9 (8.9, 11.0) | 9.3 (8.4, 10.3) | |||
| ALA, g/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 1.7 (0.7) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.4, 1.9) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 0.07 | 0.69 | 0.20 |
| MPMG | 1.9 (1.3) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | |||
| Alcohol, en% | ||||||||
| HPLG | 3.5 (4.8) | 3.5 (2.6, 4.4) | 2.9 (2.1, 3.8) | 3.8 (2.5, 5.2) | 3.4 (2.3, 4.5) | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.91 |
| MPMG | 2.9 (5.6) | 2.0 (1.0, 2.9) | 1.9 (1.0, 2.8) | 2.5 (1.1, 4.0) | 2.2 (1.1, 3.4) | |||
| Zinc, mg/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 12.1 (4.1) | 11.7 (10.7, 12.6) | 11.7 (10.9, 12.4) | 11.0 (10.1, 11.8) | 11.2 (10.3, 12.1) | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.44 |
| MPMG | 12.4 (5.1) | 10.9 (10.0, 11.9) | 10.3 (9.4, 11.1) | 10.0 (9.1, 10.9) | 10.8 (9.9, 11.8) | |||
| Selenium, μg/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 108.1 (42.7) | 107.8 (94.5, 121.1) | 92.4 (84.4, 100.3) | 96.2 (88.8, 103.6) | 99.5 (85.7, 113.3) | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.34 |
| MPMG | 100.9 (38.0) | 88.0 (73.8, 102.1) | 88.1 (79.5, 96.7) | 85.5 (77.3, 93.6) | 81.6 (66.9, 96.2) | |||
| Niacin (NE), mg/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 26.4 (9.8) | 25.9 (23.7, 28.1) | 24.5 (22.7, 26.4) | 24.2 (22.4, 25.9) | 25.4 (23.0, 27.7) | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.72 |
| MPMG | 26.0 (10.5) | 23.0 (20.6, 25.3) | 21.9 (19.9, 23.9) | 22.1 (20.2, 24.0) | 21.2 (18.8, 23.7) | |||
| Vitamin B12, μg/d | ||||||||
| HPLG | 5.3 (2.7) | 5.6 (5.1, 6.1) | 5.2 (4.7, 5.6) | 5.0 (4.5, 5.5) | 5.1 (4.4, 5.8) | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.71 |
| MPMG | 5.4 (3.7) | 4.6 (4.1, 5.2) | 4.4 (3.9, 4.8) | 4.4 (3.8, 4.9) | 4.5 (3.8, 5.3) | |||
a
Values are expressed as the mean (SD) or adjusted mean (95% CI). The adjusted means with a double asterisk or single asterisk indicate a statistically significant difference between the groups at the timepoint (**P < 0.001; *P < 0.05). GI, glycemic index; GL, glycemic load; HPLG, higher protein-lower glycemic index diet; MPMG, moderate protein-moderate glycemic index diet; NE, niacin equivalent.
b
Number of participants 85, 68, 64, 60 and 54 at 0-, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-mo, respectively.
c
Number of participants 76, 60, 52, 52 and 50 at 0-, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-mo, respectively.
d
P-values show the significance of the fixed effects for changes in a variable as assessed by linear mixed model adjusted for each measurement 0-mo values, age and sex.